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Documentation / DMA-mapping.txt


Based on kernel version 2.6.32. Page generated on 2009-12-11 16:22 EST.

1				Dynamic DMA mapping
2				===================
3	
4			 David S. Miller <davem[AT]redhat[DOT]com>
5			 Richard Henderson <rth[AT]cygnus[DOT]com>
6			  Jakub Jelinek <jakub[AT]redhat[DOT]com>
7	
8	This document describes the DMA mapping system in terms of the pci_
9	API.  For a similar API that works for generic devices, see
10	DMA-API.txt.
11	
12	Most of the 64bit platforms have special hardware that translates bus
13	addresses (DMA addresses) into physical addresses.  This is similar to
14	how page tables and/or a TLB translates virtual addresses to physical
15	addresses on a CPU.  This is needed so that e.g. PCI devices can
16	access with a Single Address Cycle (32bit DMA address) any page in the
17	64bit physical address space.  Previously in Linux those 64bit
18	platforms had to set artificial limits on the maximum RAM size in the
19	system, so that the virt_to_bus() static scheme works (the DMA address
20	translation tables were simply filled on bootup to map each bus
21	address to the physical page __pa(bus_to_virt())).
22	
23	So that Linux can use the dynamic DMA mapping, it needs some help from the
24	drivers, namely it has to take into account that DMA addresses should be
25	mapped only for the time they are actually used and unmapped after the DMA
26	transfer.
27	
28	The following API will work of course even on platforms where no such
29	hardware exists, see e.g. arch/x86/include/asm/pci.h for how it is implemented on
30	top of the virt_to_bus interface.
31	
32	First of all, you should make sure
33	
34	#include <linux/pci.h>
35	
36	is in your driver. This file will obtain for you the definition of the
37	dma_addr_t (which can hold any valid DMA address for the platform)
38	type which should be used everywhere you hold a DMA (bus) address
39	returned from the DMA mapping functions.
40	
41				 What memory is DMA'able?
42	
43	The first piece of information you must know is what kernel memory can
44	be used with the DMA mapping facilities.  There has been an unwritten
45	set of rules regarding this, and this text is an attempt to finally
46	write them down.
47	
48	If you acquired your memory via the page allocator
49	(i.e. __get_free_page*()) or the generic memory allocators
50	(i.e. kmalloc() or kmem_cache_alloc()) then you may DMA to/from
51	that memory using the addresses returned from those routines.
52	
53	This means specifically that you may _not_ use the memory/addresses
54	returned from vmalloc() for DMA.  It is possible to DMA to the
55	_underlying_ memory mapped into a vmalloc() area, but this requires
56	walking page tables to get the physical addresses, and then
57	translating each of those pages back to a kernel address using
58	something like __va().  [ EDIT: Update this when we integrate
59	Gerd Knorr's generic code which does this. ]
60	
61	This rule also means that you may use neither kernel image addresses
62	(items in data/text/bss segments), nor module image addresses, nor
63	stack addresses for DMA.  These could all be mapped somewhere entirely
64	different than the rest of physical memory.  Even if those classes of
65	memory could physically work with DMA, you'd need to ensure the I/O
66	buffers were cacheline-aligned.  Without that, you'd see cacheline
67	sharing problems (data corruption) on CPUs with DMA-incoherent caches.
68	(The CPU could write to one word, DMA would write to a different one
69	in the same cache line, and one of them could be overwritten.)
70	
71	Also, this means that you cannot take the return of a kmap()
72	call and DMA to/from that.  This is similar to vmalloc().
73	
74	What about block I/O and networking buffers?  The block I/O and
75	networking subsystems make sure that the buffers they use are valid
76	for you to DMA from/to.
77	
78				DMA addressing limitations
79	
80	Does your device have any DMA addressing limitations?  For example, is
81	your device only capable of driving the low order 24-bits of address
82	on the PCI bus for SAC DMA transfers?  If so, you need to inform the
83	PCI layer of this fact.
84	
85	By default, the kernel assumes that your device can address the full
86	32-bits in a SAC cycle.  For a 64-bit DAC capable device, this needs
87	to be increased.  And for a device with limitations, as discussed in
88	the previous paragraph, it needs to be decreased.
89	
90	pci_alloc_consistent() by default will return 32-bit DMA addresses.
91	PCI-X specification requires PCI-X devices to support 64-bit
92	addressing (DAC) for all transactions. And at least one platform (SGI
93	SN2) requires 64-bit consistent allocations to operate correctly when
94	the IO bus is in PCI-X mode. Therefore, like with pci_set_dma_mask(),
95	it's good practice to call pci_set_consistent_dma_mask() to set the
96	appropriate mask even if your device only supports 32-bit DMA
97	(default) and especially if it's a PCI-X device.
98	
99	For correct operation, you must interrogate the PCI layer in your
100	device probe routine to see if the PCI controller on the machine can
101	properly support the DMA addressing limitation your device has.  It is
102	good style to do this even if your device holds the default setting,
103	because this shows that you did think about these issues wrt. your
104	device.
105	
106	The query is performed via a call to pci_set_dma_mask():
107	
108		int pci_set_dma_mask(struct pci_dev *pdev, u64 device_mask);
109	
110	The query for consistent allocations is performed via a call to
111	pci_set_consistent_dma_mask():
112	
113		int pci_set_consistent_dma_mask(struct pci_dev *pdev, u64 device_mask);
114	
115	Here, pdev is a pointer to the PCI device struct of your device, and
116	device_mask is a bit mask describing which bits of a PCI address your
117	device supports.  It returns zero if your card can perform DMA
118	properly on the machine given the address mask you provided.
119	
120	If it returns non-zero, your device cannot perform DMA properly on
121	this platform, and attempting to do so will result in undefined
122	behavior.  You must either use a different mask, or not use DMA.
123	
124	This means that in the failure case, you have three options:
125	
126	1) Use another DMA mask, if possible (see below).
127	2) Use some non-DMA mode for data transfer, if possible.
128	3) Ignore this device and do not initialize it.
129	
130	It is recommended that your driver print a kernel KERN_WARNING message
131	when you end up performing either #2 or #3.  In this manner, if a user
132	of your driver reports that performance is bad or that the device is not
133	even detected, you can ask them for the kernel messages to find out
134	exactly why.
135	
136	The standard 32-bit addressing PCI device would do something like
137	this:
138	
139		if (pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, DMA_BIT_MASK(32))) {
140			printk(KERN_WARNING
141			       "mydev: No suitable DMA available.\n");
142			goto ignore_this_device;
143		}
144	
145	Another common scenario is a 64-bit capable device.  The approach
146	here is to try for 64-bit DAC addressing, but back down to a
147	32-bit mask should that fail.  The PCI platform code may fail the
148	64-bit mask not because the platform is not capable of 64-bit
149	addressing.  Rather, it may fail in this case simply because
150	32-bit SAC addressing is done more efficiently than DAC addressing.
151	Sparc64 is one platform which behaves in this way.
152	
153	Here is how you would handle a 64-bit capable device which can drive
154	all 64-bits when accessing streaming DMA:
155	
156		int using_dac;
157	
158		if (!pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, DMA_BIT_MASK(64))) {
159			using_dac = 1;
160		} else if (!pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, DMA_BIT_MASK(32))) {
161			using_dac = 0;
162		} else {
163			printk(KERN_WARNING
164			       "mydev: No suitable DMA available.\n");
165			goto ignore_this_device;
166		}
167	
168	If a card is capable of using 64-bit consistent allocations as well,
169	the case would look like this:
170	
171		int using_dac, consistent_using_dac;
172	
173		if (!pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, DMA_BIT_MASK(64))) {
174			using_dac = 1;
175		   	consistent_using_dac = 1;
176			pci_set_consistent_dma_mask(pdev, DMA_BIT_MASK(64));
177		} else if (!pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, DMA_BIT_MASK(32))) {
178			using_dac = 0;
179			consistent_using_dac = 0;
180			pci_set_consistent_dma_mask(pdev, DMA_BIT_MASK(32));
181		} else {
182			printk(KERN_WARNING
183			       "mydev: No suitable DMA available.\n");
184			goto ignore_this_device;
185		}
186	
187	pci_set_consistent_dma_mask() will always be able to set the same or a
188	smaller mask as pci_set_dma_mask(). However for the rare case that a
189	device driver only uses consistent allocations, one would have to
190	check the return value from pci_set_consistent_dma_mask().
191	
192	Finally, if your device can only drive the low 24-bits of
193	address during PCI bus mastering you might do something like:
194	
195		if (pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, DMA_BIT_MASK(24))) {
196			printk(KERN_WARNING
197			       "mydev: 24-bit DMA addressing not available.\n");
198			goto ignore_this_device;
199		}
200	
201	When pci_set_dma_mask() is successful, and returns zero, the PCI layer
202	saves away this mask you have provided.  The PCI layer will use this
203	information later when you make DMA mappings.
204	
205	There is a case which we are aware of at this time, which is worth
206	mentioning in this documentation.  If your device supports multiple
207	functions (for example a sound card provides playback and record
208	functions) and the various different functions have _different_
209	DMA addressing limitations, you may wish to probe each mask and
210	only provide the functionality which the machine can handle.  It
211	is important that the last call to pci_set_dma_mask() be for the
212	most specific mask.
213	
214	Here is pseudo-code showing how this might be done:
215	
216		#define PLAYBACK_ADDRESS_BITS	DMA_BIT_MASK(32)
217		#define RECORD_ADDRESS_BITS	0x00ffffff
218	
219		struct my_sound_card *card;
220		struct pci_dev *pdev;
221	
222		...
223		if (!pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, PLAYBACK_ADDRESS_BITS)) {
224			card->playback_enabled = 1;
225		} else {
226			card->playback_enabled = 0;
227			printk(KERN_WARN "%s: Playback disabled due to DMA limitations.\n",
228			       card->name);
229		}
230		if (!pci_set_dma_mask(pdev, RECORD_ADDRESS_BITS)) {
231			card->record_enabled = 1;
232		} else {
233			card->record_enabled = 0;
234			printk(KERN_WARN "%s: Record disabled due to DMA limitations.\n",
235			       card->name);
236		}
237	
238	A sound card was used as an example here because this genre of PCI
239	devices seems to be littered with ISA chips given a PCI front end,
240	and thus retaining the 16MB DMA addressing limitations of ISA.
241	
242				Types of DMA mappings
243	
244	There are two types of DMA mappings:
245	
246	- Consistent DMA mappings which are usually mapped at driver
247	  initialization, unmapped at the end and for which the hardware should
248	  guarantee that the device and the CPU can access the data
249	  in parallel and will see updates made by each other without any
250	  explicit software flushing.
251	
252	  Think of "consistent" as "synchronous" or "coherent".
253	
254	  The current default is to return consistent memory in the low 32
255	  bits of the PCI bus space.  However, for future compatibility you
256	  should set the consistent mask even if this default is fine for your
257	  driver.
258	
259	  Good examples of what to use consistent mappings for are:
260	
261		- Network card DMA ring descriptors.
262		- SCSI adapter mailbox command data structures.
263		- Device firmware microcode executed out of
264		  main memory.
265	
266	  The invariant these examples all require is that any CPU store
267	  to memory is immediately visible to the device, and vice
268	  versa.  Consistent mappings guarantee this.
269	
270	  IMPORTANT: Consistent DMA memory does not preclude the usage of
271	             proper memory barriers.  The CPU may reorder stores to
272		     consistent memory just as it may normal memory.  Example:
273		     if it is important for the device to see the first word
274		     of a descriptor updated before the second, you must do
275		     something like:
276	
277			desc->word0 = address;
278			wmb();
279			desc->word1 = DESC_VALID;
280	
281	             in order to get correct behavior on all platforms.
282	
283		     Also, on some platforms your driver may need to flush CPU write
284		     buffers in much the same way as it needs to flush write buffers
285		     found in PCI bridges (such as by reading a register's value
286		     after writing it).
287	
288	- Streaming DMA mappings which are usually mapped for one DMA transfer,
289	  unmapped right after it (unless you use pci_dma_sync_* below) and for which
290	  hardware can optimize for sequential accesses.
291	
292	  This of "streaming" as "asynchronous" or "outside the coherency
293	  domain".
294	
295	  Good examples of what to use streaming mappings for are:
296	
297		- Networking buffers transmitted/received by a device.
298		- Filesystem buffers written/read by a SCSI device.
299	
300	  The interfaces for using this type of mapping were designed in
301	  such a way that an implementation can make whatever performance
302	  optimizations the hardware allows.  To this end, when using
303	  such mappings you must be explicit about what you want to happen.
304	
305	Neither type of DMA mapping has alignment restrictions that come
306	from PCI, although some devices may have such restrictions.
307	Also, systems with caches that aren't DMA-coherent will work better
308	when the underlying buffers don't share cache lines with other data.
309	
310	
311			 Using Consistent DMA mappings.
312	
313	To allocate and map large (PAGE_SIZE or so) consistent DMA regions,
314	you should do:
315	
316		dma_addr_t dma_handle;
317	
318		cpu_addr = pci_alloc_consistent(pdev, size, &dma_handle);
319	
320	where pdev is a struct pci_dev *. This may be called in interrupt context.
321	You should use dma_alloc_coherent (see DMA-API.txt) for buses
322	where devices don't have struct pci_dev (like ISA, EISA).
323	
324	This argument is needed because the DMA translations may be bus
325	specific (and often is private to the bus which the device is attached
326	to).
327	
328	Size is the length of the region you want to allocate, in bytes.
329	
330	This routine will allocate RAM for that region, so it acts similarly to
331	__get_free_pages (but takes size instead of a page order).  If your
332	driver needs regions sized smaller than a page, you may prefer using
333	the pci_pool interface, described below.
334	
335	The consistent DMA mapping interfaces, for non-NULL pdev, will by
336	default return a DMA address which is SAC (Single Address Cycle)
337	addressable.  Even if the device indicates (via PCI dma mask) that it
338	may address the upper 32-bits and thus perform DAC cycles, consistent
339	allocation will only return > 32-bit PCI addresses for DMA if the
340	consistent dma mask has been explicitly changed via
341	pci_set_consistent_dma_mask().  This is true of the pci_pool interface
342	as well.
343	
344	pci_alloc_consistent returns two values: the virtual address which you
345	can use to access it from the CPU and dma_handle which you pass to the
346	card.
347	
348	The cpu return address and the DMA bus master address are both
349	guaranteed to be aligned to the smallest PAGE_SIZE order which
350	is greater than or equal to the requested size.  This invariant
351	exists (for example) to guarantee that if you allocate a chunk
352	which is smaller than or equal to 64 kilobytes, the extent of the
353	buffer you receive will not cross a 64K boundary.
354	
355	To unmap and free such a DMA region, you call:
356	
357		pci_free_consistent(pdev, size, cpu_addr, dma_handle);
358	
359	where pdev, size are the same as in the above call and cpu_addr and
360	dma_handle are the values pci_alloc_consistent returned to you.
361	This function may not be called in interrupt context.
362	
363	If your driver needs lots of smaller memory regions, you can write
364	custom code to subdivide pages returned by pci_alloc_consistent,
365	or you can use the pci_pool API to do that.  A pci_pool is like
366	a kmem_cache, but it uses pci_alloc_consistent not __get_free_pages.
367	Also, it understands common hardware constraints for alignment,
368	like queue heads needing to be aligned on N byte boundaries.
369	
370	Create a pci_pool like this:
371	
372		struct pci_pool *pool;
373	
374		pool = pci_pool_create(name, pdev, size, align, alloc);
375	
376	The "name" is for diagnostics (like a kmem_cache name); pdev and size
377	are as above.  The device's hardware alignment requirement for this
378	type of data is "align" (which is expressed in bytes, and must be a
379	power of two).  If your device has no boundary crossing restrictions,
380	pass 0 for alloc; passing 4096 says memory allocated from this pool
381	must not cross 4KByte boundaries (but at that time it may be better to
382	go for pci_alloc_consistent directly instead).
383	
384	Allocate memory from a pci pool like this:
385	
386		cpu_addr = pci_pool_alloc(pool, flags, &dma_handle);
387	
388	flags are SLAB_KERNEL if blocking is permitted (not in_interrupt nor
389	holding SMP locks), SLAB_ATOMIC otherwise.  Like pci_alloc_consistent,
390	this returns two values, cpu_addr and dma_handle.
391	
392	Free memory that was allocated from a pci_pool like this:
393	
394		pci_pool_free(pool, cpu_addr, dma_handle);
395	
396	where pool is what you passed to pci_pool_alloc, and cpu_addr and
397	dma_handle are the values pci_pool_alloc returned. This function
398	may be called in interrupt context.
399	
400	Destroy a pci_pool by calling:
401	
402		pci_pool_destroy(pool);
403	
404	Make sure you've called pci_pool_free for all memory allocated
405	from a pool before you destroy the pool. This function may not
406	be called in interrupt context.
407	
408				DMA Direction
409	
410	The interfaces described in subsequent portions of this document
411	take a DMA direction argument, which is an integer and takes on
412	one of the following values:
413	
414	 PCI_DMA_BIDIRECTIONAL
415	 PCI_DMA_TODEVICE
416	 PCI_DMA_FROMDEVICE
417	 PCI_DMA_NONE
418	
419	One should provide the exact DMA direction if you know it.
420	
421	PCI_DMA_TODEVICE means "from main memory to the PCI device"
422	PCI_DMA_FROMDEVICE means "from the PCI device to main memory"
423	It is the direction in which the data moves during the DMA
424	transfer.
425	
426	You are _strongly_ encouraged to specify this as precisely
427	as you possibly can.
428	
429	If you absolutely cannot know the direction of the DMA transfer,
430	specify PCI_DMA_BIDIRECTIONAL.  It means that the DMA can go in
431	either direction.  The platform guarantees that you may legally
432	specify this, and that it will work, but this may be at the
433	cost of performance for example.
434	
435	The value PCI_DMA_NONE is to be used for debugging.  One can
436	hold this in a data structure before you come to know the
437	precise direction, and this will help catch cases where your
438	direction tracking logic has failed to set things up properly.
439	
440	Another advantage of specifying this value precisely (outside of
441	potential platform-specific optimizations of such) is for debugging.
442	Some platforms actually have a write permission boolean which DMA
443	mappings can be marked with, much like page protections in the user
444	program address space.  Such platforms can and do report errors in the
445	kernel logs when the PCI controller hardware detects violation of the
446	permission setting.
447	
448	Only streaming mappings specify a direction, consistent mappings
449	implicitly have a direction attribute setting of
450	PCI_DMA_BIDIRECTIONAL.
451	
452	The SCSI subsystem tells you the direction to use in the
453	'sc_data_direction' member of the SCSI command your driver is
454	working on.
455	
456	For Networking drivers, it's a rather simple affair.  For transmit
457	packets, map/unmap them with the PCI_DMA_TODEVICE direction
458	specifier.  For receive packets, just the opposite, map/unmap them
459	with the PCI_DMA_FROMDEVICE direction specifier.
460	
461			  Using Streaming DMA mappings
462	
463	The streaming DMA mapping routines can be called from interrupt
464	context.  There are two versions of each map/unmap, one which will
465	map/unmap a single memory region, and one which will map/unmap a
466	scatterlist.
467	
468	To map a single region, you do:
469	
470		struct pci_dev *pdev = mydev->pdev;
471		dma_addr_t dma_handle;
472		void *addr = buffer->ptr;
473		size_t size = buffer->len;
474	
475		dma_handle = pci_map_single(pdev, addr, size, direction);
476	
477	and to unmap it:
478	
479		pci_unmap_single(pdev, dma_handle, size, direction);
480	
481	You should call pci_unmap_single when the DMA activity is finished, e.g.
482	from the interrupt which told you that the DMA transfer is done.
483	
484	Using cpu pointers like this for single mappings has a disadvantage,
485	you cannot reference HIGHMEM memory in this way.  Thus, there is a
486	map/unmap interface pair akin to pci_{map,unmap}_single.  These
487	interfaces deal with page/offset pairs instead of cpu pointers.
488	Specifically:
489	
490		struct pci_dev *pdev = mydev->pdev;
491		dma_addr_t dma_handle;
492		struct page *page = buffer->page;
493		unsigned long offset = buffer->offset;
494		size_t size = buffer->len;
495	
496		dma_handle = pci_map_page(pdev, page, offset, size, direction);
497	
498		...
499	
500		pci_unmap_page(pdev, dma_handle, size, direction);
501	
502	Here, "offset" means byte offset within the given page.
503	
504	With scatterlists, you map a region gathered from several regions by:
505	
506		int i, count = pci_map_sg(pdev, sglist, nents, direction);
507		struct scatterlist *sg;
508	
509		for_each_sg(sglist, sg, count, i) {
510			hw_address[i] = sg_dma_address(sg);
511			hw_len[i] = sg_dma_len(sg);
512		}
513	
514	where nents is the number of entries in the sglist.
515	
516	The implementation is free to merge several consecutive sglist entries
517	into one (e.g. if DMA mapping is done with PAGE_SIZE granularity, any
518	consecutive sglist entries can be merged into one provided the first one
519	ends and the second one starts on a page boundary - in fact this is a huge
520	advantage for cards which either cannot do scatter-gather or have very
521	limited number of scatter-gather entries) and returns the actual number
522	of sg entries it mapped them to. On failure 0 is returned.
523	
524	Then you should loop count times (note: this can be less than nents times)
525	and use sg_dma_address() and sg_dma_len() macros where you previously
526	accessed sg->address and sg->length as shown above.
527	
528	To unmap a scatterlist, just call:
529	
530		pci_unmap_sg(pdev, sglist, nents, direction);
531	
532	Again, make sure DMA activity has already finished.
533	
534	PLEASE NOTE:  The 'nents' argument to the pci_unmap_sg call must be
535	              the _same_ one you passed into the pci_map_sg call,
536		      it should _NOT_ be the 'count' value _returned_ from the
537	              pci_map_sg call.
538	
539	Every pci_map_{single,sg} call should have its pci_unmap_{single,sg}
540	counterpart, because the bus address space is a shared resource (although
541	in some ports the mapping is per each BUS so less devices contend for the
542	same bus address space) and you could render the machine unusable by eating
543	all bus addresses.
544	
545	If you need to use the same streaming DMA region multiple times and touch
546	the data in between the DMA transfers, the buffer needs to be synced
547	properly in order for the cpu and device to see the most uptodate and
548	correct copy of the DMA buffer.
549	
550	So, firstly, just map it with pci_map_{single,sg}, and after each DMA
551	transfer call either:
552	
553		pci_dma_sync_single_for_cpu(pdev, dma_handle, size, direction);
554	
555	or:
556	
557		pci_dma_sync_sg_for_cpu(pdev, sglist, nents, direction);
558	
559	as appropriate.
560	
561	Then, if you wish to let the device get at the DMA area again,
562	finish accessing the data with the cpu, and then before actually
563	giving the buffer to the hardware call either:
564	
565		pci_dma_sync_single_for_device(pdev, dma_handle, size, direction);
566	
567	or:
568	
569		pci_dma_sync_sg_for_device(dev, sglist, nents, direction);
570	
571	as appropriate.
572	
573	After the last DMA transfer call one of the DMA unmap routines
574	pci_unmap_{single,sg}. If you don't touch the data from the first pci_map_*
575	call till pci_unmap_*, then you don't have to call the pci_dma_sync_*
576	routines at all.
577	
578	Here is pseudo code which shows a situation in which you would need
579	to use the pci_dma_sync_*() interfaces.
580	
581		my_card_setup_receive_buffer(struct my_card *cp, char *buffer, int len)
582		{
583			dma_addr_t mapping;
584	
585			mapping = pci_map_single(cp->pdev, buffer, len, PCI_DMA_FROMDEVICE);
586	
587			cp->rx_buf = buffer;
588			cp->rx_len = len;
589			cp->rx_dma = mapping;
590	
591			give_rx_buf_to_card(cp);
592		}
593	
594		...
595	
596		my_card_interrupt_handler(int irq, void *devid, struct pt_regs *regs)
597		{
598			struct my_card *cp = devid;
599	
600			...
601			if (read_card_status(cp) == RX_BUF_TRANSFERRED) {
602				struct my_card_header *hp;
603	
604				/* Examine the header to see if we wish
605				 * to accept the data.  But synchronize
606				 * the DMA transfer with the CPU first
607				 * so that we see updated contents.
608				 */
609				pci_dma_sync_single_for_cpu(cp->pdev, cp->rx_dma,
610							    cp->rx_len,
611							    PCI_DMA_FROMDEVICE);
612	
613				/* Now it is safe to examine the buffer. */
614				hp = (struct my_card_header *) cp->rx_buf;
615				if (header_is_ok(hp)) {
616					pci_unmap_single(cp->pdev, cp->rx_dma, cp->rx_len,
617							 PCI_DMA_FROMDEVICE);
618					pass_to_upper_layers(cp->rx_buf);
619					make_and_setup_new_rx_buf(cp);
620				} else {
621					/* Just sync the buffer and give it back
622					 * to the card.
623					 */
624					pci_dma_sync_single_for_device(cp->pdev,
625								       cp->rx_dma,
626								       cp->rx_len,
627								       PCI_DMA_FROMDEVICE);
628					give_rx_buf_to_card(cp);
629				}
630			}
631		}
632	
633	Drivers converted fully to this interface should not use virt_to_bus any
634	longer, nor should they use bus_to_virt. Some drivers have to be changed a
635	little bit, because there is no longer an equivalent to bus_to_virt in the
636	dynamic DMA mapping scheme - you have to always store the DMA addresses
637	returned by the pci_alloc_consistent, pci_pool_alloc, and pci_map_single
638	calls (pci_map_sg stores them in the scatterlist itself if the platform
639	supports dynamic DMA mapping in hardware) in your driver structures and/or
640	in the card registers.
641	
642	All PCI drivers should be using these interfaces with no exceptions.
643	It is planned to completely remove virt_to_bus() and bus_to_virt() as
644	they are entirely deprecated.  Some ports already do not provide these
645	as it is impossible to correctly support them.
646	
647			Optimizing Unmap State Space Consumption
648	
649	On many platforms, pci_unmap_{single,page}() is simply a nop.
650	Therefore, keeping track of the mapping address and length is a waste
651	of space.  Instead of filling your drivers up with ifdefs and the like
652	to "work around" this (which would defeat the whole purpose of a
653	portable API) the following facilities are provided.
654	
655	Actually, instead of describing the macros one by one, we'll
656	transform some example code.
657	
658	1) Use DECLARE_PCI_UNMAP_{ADDR,LEN} in state saving structures.
659	   Example, before:
660	
661		struct ring_state {
662			struct sk_buff *skb;
663			dma_addr_t mapping;
664			__u32 len;
665		};
666	
667	   after:
668	
669		struct ring_state {
670			struct sk_buff *skb;
671			DECLARE_PCI_UNMAP_ADDR(mapping)
672			DECLARE_PCI_UNMAP_LEN(len)
673		};
674	
675	   NOTE: DO NOT put a semicolon at the end of the DECLARE_*()
676	         macro.
677	
678	2) Use pci_unmap_{addr,len}_set to set these values.
679	   Example, before:
680	
681		ringp->mapping = FOO;
682		ringp->len = BAR;
683	
684	   after:
685	
686		pci_unmap_addr_set(ringp, mapping, FOO);
687		pci_unmap_len_set(ringp, len, BAR);
688	
689	3) Use pci_unmap_{addr,len} to access these values.
690	   Example, before:
691	
692		pci_unmap_single(pdev, ringp->mapping, ringp->len,
693				 PCI_DMA_FROMDEVICE);
694	
695	   after:
696	
697		pci_unmap_single(pdev,
698				 pci_unmap_addr(ringp, mapping),
699				 pci_unmap_len(ringp, len),
700				 PCI_DMA_FROMDEVICE);
701	
702	It really should be self-explanatory.  We treat the ADDR and LEN
703	separately, because it is possible for an implementation to only
704	need the address in order to perform the unmap operation.
705	
706				Platform Issues
707	
708	If you are just writing drivers for Linux and do not maintain
709	an architecture port for the kernel, you can safely skip down
710	to "Closing".
711	
712	1) Struct scatterlist requirements.
713	
714	   Struct scatterlist must contain, at a minimum, the following
715	   members:
716	
717		struct page *page;
718		unsigned int offset;
719		unsigned int length;
720	
721	   The base address is specified by a "page+offset" pair.
722	
723	   Previous versions of struct scatterlist contained a "void *address"
724	   field that was sometimes used instead of page+offset.  As of Linux
725	   2.5., page+offset is always used, and the "address" field has been
726	   deleted.
727	
728	2) More to come...
729	
730				Handling Errors
731	
732	DMA address space is limited on some architectures and an allocation
733	failure can be determined by:
734	
735	- checking if pci_alloc_consistent returns NULL or pci_map_sg returns 0
736	
737	- checking the returned dma_addr_t of pci_map_single and pci_map_page
738	  by using pci_dma_mapping_error():
739	
740		dma_addr_t dma_handle;
741	
742		dma_handle = pci_map_single(pdev, addr, size, direction);
743		if (pci_dma_mapping_error(pdev, dma_handle)) {
744			/*
745			 * reduce current DMA mapping usage,
746			 * delay and try again later or
747			 * reset driver.
748			 */
749		}
750	
751				   Closing
752	
753	This document, and the API itself, would not be in it's current
754	form without the feedback and suggestions from numerous individuals.
755	We would like to specifically mention, in no particular order, the
756	following people:
757	
758		Russell King <rmk[AT]arm.linux.org[DOT]uk>
759		Leo Dagum <dagum[AT]barrel.engr.sgi[DOT]com>
760		Ralf Baechle <ralf[AT]oss.sgi[DOT]com>
761		Grant Grundler <grundler[AT]cup.hp[DOT]com>
762		Jay Estabrook <Jay.Estabrook[AT]compaq[DOT]com>
763		Thomas Sailer <sailer[AT]ife.ee.ethz[DOT]ch>
764		Andrea Arcangeli <andrea[AT]suse[DOT]de>
765		Jens Axboe <jens.axboe[AT]oracle[DOT]com>
766		David Mosberger-Tang <davidm[AT]hpl.hp[DOT]com>
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