Based on kernel version 2.6.26. Page generated on 2008-07-16 21:12 EST.
1 2 configfs - Userspace-driven kernel object configuration. 3 4 Joel Becker <joel.becker[AT]oracle[DOT]com> 5 6 Updated: 31 March 2005 7 8 Copyright (c) 2005 Oracle Corporation, 9 Joel Becker <joel.becker[AT]oracle[DOT]com> 10 11 12 [What is configfs?] 13 14 configfs is a ram-based filesystem that provides the converse of 15 sysfs's functionality. Where sysfs is a filesystem-based view of 16 kernel objects, configfs is a filesystem-based manager of kernel 17 objects, or config_items. 18 19 With sysfs, an object is created in kernel (for example, when a device 20 is discovered) and it is registered with sysfs. Its attributes then 21 appear in sysfs, allowing userspace to read the attributes via 22 readdir(3)/read(2). It may allow some attributes to be modified via 23 write(2). The important point is that the object is created and 24 destroyed in kernel, the kernel controls the lifecycle of the sysfs 25 representation, and sysfs is merely a window on all this. 26 27 A configfs config_item is created via an explicit userspace operation: 28 mkdir(2). It is destroyed via rmdir(2). The attributes appear at 29 mkdir(2) time, and can be read or modified via read(2) and write(2). 30 As with sysfs, readdir(3) queries the list of items and/or attributes. 31 symlink(2) can be used to group items together. Unlike sysfs, the 32 lifetime of the representation is completely driven by userspace. The 33 kernel modules backing the items must respond to this. 34 35 Both sysfs and configfs can and should exist together on the same 36 system. One is not a replacement for the other. 37 38 [Using configfs] 39 40 configfs can be compiled as a module or into the kernel. You can access 41 it by doing 42 43 mount -t configfs none /config 44 45 The configfs tree will be empty unless client modules are also loaded. 46 These are modules that register their item types with configfs as 47 subsystems. Once a client subsystem is loaded, it will appear as a 48 subdirectory (or more than one) under /config. Like sysfs, the 49 configfs tree is always there, whether mounted on /config or not. 50 51 An item is created via mkdir(2). The item's attributes will also 52 appear at this time. readdir(3) can determine what the attributes are, 53 read(2) can query their default values, and write(2) can store new 54 values. Like sysfs, attributes should be ASCII text files, preferably 55 with only one value per file. The same efficiency caveats from sysfs 56 apply. Don't mix more than one attribute in one attribute file. 57 58 Like sysfs, configfs expects write(2) to store the entire buffer at 59 once. When writing to configfs attributes, userspace processes should 60 first read the entire file, modify the portions they wish to change, and 61 then write the entire buffer back. Attribute files have a maximum size 62 of one page (PAGE_SIZE, 4096 on i386). 63 64 When an item needs to be destroyed, remove it with rmdir(2). An 65 item cannot be destroyed if any other item has a link to it (via 66 symlink(2)). Links can be removed via unlink(2). 67 68 [Configuring FakeNBD: an Example] 69 70 Imagine there's a Network Block Device (NBD) driver that allows you to 71 access remote block devices. Call it FakeNBD. FakeNBD uses configfs 72 for its configuration. Obviously, there will be a nice program that 73 sysadmins use to configure FakeNBD, but somehow that program has to tell 74 the driver about it. Here's where configfs comes in. 75 76 When the FakeNBD driver is loaded, it registers itself with configfs. 77 readdir(3) sees this just fine: 78 79 # ls /config 80 fakenbd 81 82 A fakenbd connection can be created with mkdir(2). The name is 83 arbitrary, but likely the tool will make some use of the name. Perhaps 84 it is a uuid or a disk name: 85 86 # mkdir /config/fakenbd/disk1 87 # ls /config/fakenbd/disk1 88 target device rw 89 90 The target attribute contains the IP address of the server FakeNBD will 91 connect to. The device attribute is the device on the server. 92 Predictably, the rw attribute determines whether the connection is 93 read-only or read-write. 94 95 # echo 10.0.0.1 > /config/fakenbd/disk1/target 96 # echo /dev/sda1 > /config/fakenbd/disk1/device 97 # echo 1 > /config/fakenbd/disk1/rw 98 99 That's it. That's all there is. Now the device is configured, via the 100 shell no less. 101 102 [Coding With configfs] 103 104 Every object in configfs is a config_item. A config_item reflects an 105 object in the subsystem. It has attributes that match values on that 106 object. configfs handles the filesystem representation of that object 107 and its attributes, allowing the subsystem to ignore all but the 108 basic show/store interaction. 109 110 Items are created and destroyed inside a config_group. A group is a 111 collection of items that share the same attributes and operations. 112 Items are created by mkdir(2) and removed by rmdir(2), but configfs 113 handles that. The group has a set of operations to perform these tasks 114 115 A subsystem is the top level of a client module. During initialization, 116 the client module registers the subsystem with configfs, the subsystem 117 appears as a directory at the top of the configfs filesystem. A 118 subsystem is also a config_group, and can do everything a config_group 119 can. 120 121 [struct config_item] 122 123 struct config_item { 124 char *ci_name; 125 char ci_namebuf[UOBJ_NAME_LEN]; 126 struct kref ci_kref; 127 struct list_head ci_entry; 128 struct config_item *ci_parent; 129 struct config_group *ci_group; 130 struct config_item_type *ci_type; 131 struct dentry *ci_dentry; 132 }; 133 134 void config_item_init(struct config_item *); 135 void config_item_init_type_name(struct config_item *, 136 const char *name, 137 struct config_item_type *type); 138 struct config_item *config_item_get(struct config_item *); 139 void config_item_put(struct config_item *); 140 141 Generally, struct config_item is embedded in a container structure, a 142 structure that actually represents what the subsystem is doing. The 143 config_item portion of that structure is how the object interacts with 144 configfs. 145 146 Whether statically defined in a source file or created by a parent 147 config_group, a config_item must have one of the _init() functions 148 called on it. This initializes the reference count and sets up the 149 appropriate fields. 150 151 All users of a config_item should have a reference on it via 152 config_item_get(), and drop the reference when they are done via 153 config_item_put(). 154 155 By itself, a config_item cannot do much more than appear in configfs. 156 Usually a subsystem wants the item to display and/or store attributes, 157 among other things. For that, it needs a type. 158 159 [struct config_item_type] 160 161 struct configfs_item_operations { 162 void (*release)(struct config_item *); 163 ssize_t (*show_attribute)(struct config_item *, 164 struct configfs_attribute *, 165 char *); 166 ssize_t (*store_attribute)(struct config_item *, 167 struct configfs_attribute *, 168 const char *, size_t); 169 int (*allow_link)(struct config_item *src, 170 struct config_item *target); 171 int (*drop_link)(struct config_item *src, 172 struct config_item *target); 173 }; 174 175 struct config_item_type { 176 struct module *ct_owner; 177 struct configfs_item_operations *ct_item_ops; 178 struct configfs_group_operations *ct_group_ops; 179 struct configfs_attribute **ct_attrs; 180 }; 181 182 The most basic function of a config_item_type is to define what 183 operations can be performed on a config_item. All items that have been 184 allocated dynamically will need to provide the ct_item_ops->release() 185 method. This method is called when the config_item's reference count 186 reaches zero. Items that wish to display an attribute need to provide 187 the ct_item_ops->show_attribute() method. Similarly, storing a new 188 attribute value uses the store_attribute() method. 189 190 [struct configfs_attribute] 191 192 struct configfs_attribute { 193 char *ca_name; 194 struct module *ca_owner; 195 mode_t ca_mode; 196 }; 197 198 When a config_item wants an attribute to appear as a file in the item's 199 configfs directory, it must define a configfs_attribute describing it. 200 It then adds the attribute to the NULL-terminated array 201 config_item_type->ct_attrs. When the item appears in configfs, the 202 attribute file will appear with the configfs_attribute->ca_name 203 filename. configfs_attribute->ca_mode specifies the file permissions. 204 205 If an attribute is readable and the config_item provides a 206 ct_item_ops->show_attribute() method, that method will be called 207 whenever userspace asks for a read(2) on the attribute. The converse 208 will happen for write(2). 209 210 [struct config_group] 211 212 A config_item cannot live in a vacuum. The only way one can be created 213 is via mkdir(2) on a config_group. This will trigger creation of a 214 child item. 215 216 struct config_group { 217 struct config_item cg_item; 218 struct list_head cg_children; 219 struct configfs_subsystem *cg_subsys; 220 struct config_group **default_groups; 221 }; 222 223 void config_group_init(struct config_group *group); 224 void config_group_init_type_name(struct config_group *group, 225 const char *name, 226 struct config_item_type *type); 227 228 229 The config_group structure contains a config_item. Properly configuring 230 that item means that a group can behave as an item in its own right. 231 However, it can do more: it can create child items or groups. This is 232 accomplished via the group operations specified on the group's 233 config_item_type. 234 235 struct configfs_group_operations { 236 struct config_item *(*make_item)(struct config_group *group, 237 const char *name); 238 struct config_group *(*make_group)(struct config_group *group, 239 const char *name); 240 int (*commit_item)(struct config_item *item); 241 void (*disconnect_notify)(struct config_group *group, 242 struct config_item *item); 243 void (*drop_item)(struct config_group *group, 244 struct config_item *item); 245 }; 246 247 A group creates child items by providing the 248 ct_group_ops->make_item() method. If provided, this method is called from mkdir(2) in the group's directory. The subsystem allocates a new 249 config_item (or more likely, its container structure), initializes it, 250 and returns it to configfs. Configfs will then populate the filesystem 251 tree to reflect the new item. 252 253 If the subsystem wants the child to be a group itself, the subsystem 254 provides ct_group_ops->make_group(). Everything else behaves the same, 255 using the group _init() functions on the group. 256 257 Finally, when userspace calls rmdir(2) on the item or group, 258 ct_group_ops->drop_item() is called. As a config_group is also a 259 config_item, it is not necessary for a separate drop_group() method. 260 The subsystem must config_item_put() the reference that was initialized 261 upon item allocation. If a subsystem has no work to do, it may omit 262 the ct_group_ops->drop_item() method, and configfs will call 263 config_item_put() on the item on behalf of the subsystem. 264 265 IMPORTANT: drop_item() is void, and as such cannot fail. When rmdir(2) 266 is called, configfs WILL remove the item from the filesystem tree 267 (assuming that it has no children to keep it busy). The subsystem is 268 responsible for responding to this. If the subsystem has references to 269 the item in other threads, the memory is safe. It may take some time 270 for the item to actually disappear from the subsystem's usage. But it 271 is gone from configfs. 272 273 When drop_item() is called, the item's linkage has already been torn 274 down. It no longer has a reference on its parent and has no place in 275 the item hierarchy. If a client needs to do some cleanup before this 276 teardown happens, the subsystem can implement the 277 ct_group_ops->disconnect_notify() method. The method is called after 278 configfs has removed the item from the filesystem view but before the 279 item is removed from its parent group. Like drop_item(), 280 disconnect_notify() is void and cannot fail. Client subsystems should 281 not drop any references here, as they still must do it in drop_item(). 282 283 A config_group cannot be removed while it still has child items. This 284 is implemented in the configfs rmdir(2) code. ->drop_item() will not be 285 called, as the item has not been dropped. rmdir(2) will fail, as the 286 directory is not empty. 287 288 [struct configfs_subsystem] 289 290 A subsystem must register itself, usually at module_init time. This 291 tells configfs to make the subsystem appear in the file tree. 292 293 struct configfs_subsystem { 294 struct config_group su_group; 295 struct mutex su_mutex; 296 }; 297 298 int configfs_register_subsystem(struct configfs_subsystem *subsys); 299 void configfs_unregister_subsystem(struct configfs_subsystem *subsys); 300 301 A subsystem consists of a toplevel config_group and a mutex. 302 The group is where child config_items are created. For a subsystem, 303 this group is usually defined statically. Before calling 304 configfs_register_subsystem(), the subsystem must have initialized the 305 group via the usual group _init() functions, and it must also have 306 initialized the mutex. 307 When the register call returns, the subsystem is live, and it 308 will be visible via configfs. At that point, mkdir(2) can be called and 309 the subsystem must be ready for it. 310 311 [An Example] 312 313 The best example of these basic concepts is the simple_children 314 subsystem/group and the simple_child item in configfs_example.c It 315 shows a trivial object displaying and storing an attribute, and a simple 316 group creating and destroying these children. 317 318 [Hierarchy Navigation and the Subsystem Mutex] 319 320 There is an extra bonus that configfs provides. The config_groups and 321 config_items are arranged in a hierarchy due to the fact that they 322 appear in a filesystem. A subsystem is NEVER to touch the filesystem 323 parts, but the subsystem might be interested in this hierarchy. For 324 this reason, the hierarchy is mirrored via the config_group->cg_children 325 and config_item->ci_parent structure members. 326 327 A subsystem can navigate the cg_children list and the ci_parent pointer 328 to see the tree created by the subsystem. This can race with configfs' 329 management of the hierarchy, so configfs uses the subsystem mutex to 330 protect modifications. Whenever a subsystem wants to navigate the 331 hierarchy, it must do so under the protection of the subsystem 332 mutex. 333 334 A subsystem will be prevented from acquiring the mutex while a newly 335 allocated item has not been linked into this hierarchy. Similarly, it 336 will not be able to acquire the mutex while a dropping item has not 337 yet been unlinked. This means that an item's ci_parent pointer will 338 never be NULL while the item is in configfs, and that an item will only 339 be in its parent's cg_children list for the same duration. This allows 340 a subsystem to trust ci_parent and cg_children while they hold the 341 mutex. 342 343 [Item Aggregation Via symlink(2)] 344 345 configfs provides a simple group via the group->item parent/child 346 relationship. Often, however, a larger environment requires aggregation 347 outside of the parent/child connection. This is implemented via 348 symlink(2). 349 350 A config_item may provide the ct_item_ops->allow_link() and 351 ct_item_ops->drop_link() methods. If the ->allow_link() method exists, 352 symlink(2) may be called with the config_item as the source of the link. 353 These links are only allowed between configfs config_items. Any 354 symlink(2) attempt outside the configfs filesystem will be denied. 355 356 When symlink(2) is called, the source config_item's ->allow_link() 357 method is called with itself and a target item. If the source item 358 allows linking to target item, it returns 0. A source item may wish to 359 reject a link if it only wants links to a certain type of object (say, 360 in its own subsystem). 361 362 When unlink(2) is called on the symbolic link, the source item is 363 notified via the ->drop_link() method. Like the ->drop_item() method, 364 this is a void function and cannot return failure. The subsystem is 365 responsible for responding to the change. 366 367 A config_item cannot be removed while it links to any other item, nor 368 can it be removed while an item links to it. Dangling symlinks are not 369 allowed in configfs. 370 371 [Automatically Created Subgroups] 372 373 A new config_group may want to have two types of child config_items. 374 While this could be codified by magic names in ->make_item(), it is much 375 more explicit to have a method whereby userspace sees this divergence. 376 377 Rather than have a group where some items behave differently than 378 others, configfs provides a method whereby one or many subgroups are 379 automatically created inside the parent at its creation. Thus, 380 mkdir("parent") results in "parent", "parent/subgroup1", up through 381 "parent/subgroupN". Items of type 1 can now be created in 382 "parent/subgroup1", and items of type N can be created in 383 "parent/subgroupN". 384 385 These automatic subgroups, or default groups, do not preclude other 386 children of the parent group. If ct_group_ops->make_group() exists, 387 other child groups can be created on the parent group directly. 388 389 A configfs subsystem specifies default groups by filling in the 390 NULL-terminated array default_groups on the config_group structure. 391 Each group in that array is populated in the configfs tree at the same 392 time as the parent group. Similarly, they are removed at the same time 393 as the parent. No extra notification is provided. When a ->drop_item() 394 method call notifies the subsystem the parent group is going away, it 395 also means every default group child associated with that parent group. 396 397 As a consequence of this, default_groups cannot be removed directly via 398 rmdir(2). They also are not considered when rmdir(2) on the parent 399 group is checking for children. 400 401 [Dependant Subsystems] 402 403 Sometimes other drivers depend on particular configfs items. For 404 example, ocfs2 mounts depend on a heartbeat region item. If that 405 region item is removed with rmdir(2), the ocfs2 mount must BUG or go 406 readonly. Not happy. 407 408 configfs provides two additional API calls: configfs_depend_item() and 409 configfs_undepend_item(). A client driver can call 410 configfs_depend_item() on an existing item to tell configfs that it is 411 depended on. configfs will then return -EBUSY from rmdir(2) for that 412 item. When the item is no longer depended on, the client driver calls 413 configfs_undepend_item() on it. 414 415 These API cannot be called underneath any configfs callbacks, as 416 they will conflict. They can block and allocate. A client driver 417 probably shouldn't calling them of its own gumption. Rather it should 418 be providing an API that external subsystems call. 419 420 How does this work? Imagine the ocfs2 mount process. When it mounts, 421 it asks for a heartbeat region item. This is done via a call into the 422 heartbeat code. Inside the heartbeat code, the region item is looked 423 up. Here, the heartbeat code calls configfs_depend_item(). If it 424 succeeds, then heartbeat knows the region is safe to give to ocfs2. 425 If it fails, it was being torn down anyway, and heartbeat can gracefully 426 pass up an error. 427 428 [Committable Items] 429 430 NOTE: Committable items are currently unimplemented. 431 432 Some config_items cannot have a valid initial state. That is, no 433 default values can be specified for the item's attributes such that the 434 item can do its work. Userspace must configure one or more attributes, 435 after which the subsystem can start whatever entity this item 436 represents. 437 438 Consider the FakeNBD device from above. Without a target address *and* 439 a target device, the subsystem has no idea what block device to import. 440 The simple example assumes that the subsystem merely waits until all the 441 appropriate attributes are configured, and then connects. This will, 442 indeed, work, but now every attribute store must check if the attributes 443 are initialized. Every attribute store must fire off the connection if 444 that condition is met. 445 446 Far better would be an explicit action notifying the subsystem that the 447 config_item is ready to go. More importantly, an explicit action allows 448 the subsystem to provide feedback as to whether the attributes are 449 initialized in a way that makes sense. configfs provides this as 450 committable items. 451 452 configfs still uses only normal filesystem operations. An item is 453 committed via rename(2). The item is moved from a directory where it 454 can be modified to a directory where it cannot. 455 456 Any group that provides the ct_group_ops->commit_item() method has 457 committable items. When this group appears in configfs, mkdir(2) will 458 not work directly in the group. Instead, the group will have two 459 subdirectories: "live" and "pending". The "live" directory does not 460 support mkdir(2) or rmdir(2) either. It only allows rename(2). The 461 "pending" directory does allow mkdir(2) and rmdir(2). An item is 462 created in the "pending" directory. Its attributes can be modified at 463 will. Userspace commits the item by renaming it into the "live" 464 directory. At this point, the subsystem receives the ->commit_item() 465 callback. If all required attributes are filled to satisfaction, the 466 method returns zero and the item is moved to the "live" directory. 467 468 As rmdir(2) does not work in the "live" directory, an item must be 469 shutdown, or "uncommitted". Again, this is done via rename(2), this 470 time from the "live" directory back to the "pending" one. The subsystem 471 is notified by the ct_group_ops->uncommit_object() method. 472