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Documentation / kbuild / makefiles.txt


Based on kernel version 4.16.1. Page generated on 2018-04-09 11:53 EST.

1	Linux Kernel Makefiles
2	
3	This document describes the Linux kernel Makefiles.
4	
5	=== Table of Contents
6	
7		=== 1 Overview
8		=== 2 Who does what
9		=== 3 The kbuild files
10		   --- 3.1 Goal definitions
11		   --- 3.2 Built-in object goals - obj-y
12		   --- 3.3 Loadable module goals - obj-m
13		   --- 3.4 Objects which export symbols
14		   --- 3.5 Library file goals - lib-y
15		   --- 3.6 Descending down in directories
16		   --- 3.7 Compilation flags
17		   --- 3.8 Command line dependency
18		   --- 3.9 Dependency tracking
19		   --- 3.10 Special Rules
20		   --- 3.11 $(CC) support functions
21		   --- 3.12 $(LD) support functions
22	
23		=== 4 Host Program support
24		   --- 4.1 Simple Host Program
25		   --- 4.2 Composite Host Programs
26		   --- 4.3 Using C++ for host programs
27		   --- 4.4 Controlling compiler options for host programs
28		   --- 4.5 When host programs are actually built
29		   --- 4.6 Using hostprogs-$(CONFIG_FOO)
30	
31		=== 5 Kbuild clean infrastructure
32	
33		=== 6 Architecture Makefiles
34		   --- 6.1 Set variables to tweak the build to the architecture
35		   --- 6.2 Add prerequisites to archheaders:
36		   --- 6.3 Add prerequisites to archprepare:
37		   --- 6.4 List directories to visit when descending
38		   --- 6.5 Architecture-specific boot images
39		   --- 6.6 Building non-kbuild targets
40		   --- 6.7 Commands useful for building a boot image
41		   --- 6.8 Custom kbuild commands
42		   --- 6.9 Preprocessing linker scripts
43		   --- 6.10 Generic header files
44		   --- 6.11 Post-link pass
45	
46		=== 7 Kbuild syntax for exported headers
47			--- 7.1 no-export-headers
48			--- 7.2 generic-y
49			--- 7.3 generated-y
50			--- 7.4 mandatory-y
51	
52		=== 8 Kbuild Variables
53		=== 9 Makefile language
54		=== 10 Credits
55		=== 11 TODO
56	
57	=== 1 Overview
58	
59	The Makefiles have five parts:
60	
61		Makefile		the top Makefile.
62		.config			the kernel configuration file.
63		arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile	the arch Makefile.
64		scripts/Makefile.*	common rules etc. for all kbuild Makefiles.
65		kbuild Makefiles	there are about 500 of these.
66	
67	The top Makefile reads the .config file, which comes from the kernel
68	configuration process.
69	
70	The top Makefile is responsible for building two major products: vmlinux
71	(the resident kernel image) and modules (any module files).
72	It builds these goals by recursively descending into the subdirectories of
73	the kernel source tree.
74	The list of subdirectories which are visited depends upon the kernel
75	configuration. The top Makefile textually includes an arch Makefile
76	with the name arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile. The arch Makefile supplies
77	architecture-specific information to the top Makefile.
78	
79	Each subdirectory has a kbuild Makefile which carries out the commands
80	passed down from above. The kbuild Makefile uses information from the
81	.config file to construct various file lists used by kbuild to build
82	any built-in or modular targets.
83	
84	scripts/Makefile.* contains all the definitions/rules etc. that
85	are used to build the kernel based on the kbuild makefiles.
86	
87	
88	=== 2 Who does what
89	
90	People have four different relationships with the kernel Makefiles.
91	
92	*Users* are people who build kernels.  These people type commands such as
93	"make menuconfig" or "make".  They usually do not read or edit
94	any kernel Makefiles (or any other source files).
95	
96	*Normal developers* are people who work on features such as device
97	drivers, file systems, and network protocols.  These people need to
98	maintain the kbuild Makefiles for the subsystem they are
99	working on.  In order to do this effectively, they need some overall
100	knowledge about the kernel Makefiles, plus detailed knowledge about the
101	public interface for kbuild.
102	
103	*Arch developers* are people who work on an entire architecture, such
104	as sparc or ia64.  Arch developers need to know about the arch Makefile
105	as well as kbuild Makefiles.
106	
107	*Kbuild developers* are people who work on the kernel build system itself.
108	These people need to know about all aspects of the kernel Makefiles.
109	
110	This document is aimed towards normal developers and arch developers.
111	
112	
113	=== 3 The kbuild files
114	
115	Most Makefiles within the kernel are kbuild Makefiles that use the
116	kbuild infrastructure. This chapter introduces the syntax used in the
117	kbuild makefiles.
118	The preferred name for the kbuild files are 'Makefile' but 'Kbuild' can
119	be used and if both a 'Makefile' and a 'Kbuild' file exists, then the 'Kbuild'
120	file will be used.
121	
122	Section 3.1 "Goal definitions" is a quick intro, further chapters provide
123	more details, with real examples.
124	
125	--- 3.1 Goal definitions
126	
127		Goal definitions are the main part (heart) of the kbuild Makefile.
128		These lines define the files to be built, any special compilation
129		options, and any subdirectories to be entered recursively.
130	
131		The most simple kbuild makefile contains one line:
132	
133		Example:
134			obj-y += foo.o
135	
136		This tells kbuild that there is one object in that directory, named
137		foo.o. foo.o will be built from foo.c or foo.S.
138	
139		If foo.o shall be built as a module, the variable obj-m is used.
140		Therefore the following pattern is often used:
141	
142		Example:
143			obj-$(CONFIG_FOO) += foo.o
144	
145		$(CONFIG_FOO) evaluates to either y (for built-in) or m (for module).
146		If CONFIG_FOO is neither y nor m, then the file will not be compiled
147		nor linked.
148	
149	--- 3.2 Built-in object goals - obj-y
150	
151		The kbuild Makefile specifies object files for vmlinux
152		in the $(obj-y) lists.  These lists depend on the kernel
153		configuration.
154	
155		Kbuild compiles all the $(obj-y) files.  It then calls
156		"$(LD) -r" to merge these files into one built-in.o file.
157		built-in.o is later linked into vmlinux by the parent Makefile.
158	
159		The order of files in $(obj-y) is significant.  Duplicates in
160		the lists are allowed: the first instance will be linked into
161		built-in.o and succeeding instances will be ignored.
162	
163		Link order is significant, because certain functions
164		(module_init() / __initcall) will be called during boot in the
165		order they appear. So keep in mind that changing the link
166		order may e.g. change the order in which your SCSI
167		controllers are detected, and thus your disks are renumbered.
168	
169		Example:
170			#drivers/isdn/i4l/Makefile
171			# Makefile for the kernel ISDN subsystem and device drivers.
172			# Each configuration option enables a list of files.
173			obj-$(CONFIG_ISDN_I4L)         += isdn.o
174			obj-$(CONFIG_ISDN_PPP_BSDCOMP) += isdn_bsdcomp.o
175	
176	--- 3.3 Loadable module goals - obj-m
177	
178		$(obj-m) specifies object files which are built as loadable
179		kernel modules.
180	
181		A module may be built from one source file or several source
182		files. In the case of one source file, the kbuild makefile
183		simply adds the file to $(obj-m).
184	
185		Example:
186			#drivers/isdn/i4l/Makefile
187			obj-$(CONFIG_ISDN_PPP_BSDCOMP) += isdn_bsdcomp.o
188	
189		Note: In this example $(CONFIG_ISDN_PPP_BSDCOMP) evaluates to 'm'
190	
191		If a kernel module is built from several source files, you specify
192		that you want to build a module in the same way as above; however,
193		kbuild needs to know which object files you want to build your
194		module from, so you have to tell it by setting a $(<module_name>-y)
195		variable.
196	
197		Example:
198			#drivers/isdn/i4l/Makefile
199			obj-$(CONFIG_ISDN_I4L) += isdn.o
200			isdn-y := isdn_net_lib.o isdn_v110.o isdn_common.o
201	
202		In this example, the module name will be isdn.o. Kbuild will
203		compile the objects listed in $(isdn-y) and then run
204		"$(LD) -r" on the list of these files to generate isdn.o.
205	
206		Due to kbuild recognizing $(<module_name>-y) for composite objects,
207		you can use the value of a CONFIG_ symbol to optionally include an
208		object file as part of a composite object.
209	
210		Example:
211			#fs/ext2/Makefile
212		        obj-$(CONFIG_EXT2_FS) += ext2.o
213			ext2-y := balloc.o dir.o file.o ialloc.o inode.o ioctl.o \
214				  namei.o super.o symlink.o
215		        ext2-$(CONFIG_EXT2_FS_XATTR) += xattr.o xattr_user.o \
216							xattr_trusted.o
217	
218		In this example, xattr.o, xattr_user.o and xattr_trusted.o are only
219		part of the composite object ext2.o if $(CONFIG_EXT2_FS_XATTR)
220		evaluates to 'y'.
221	
222		Note: Of course, when you are building objects into the kernel,
223		the syntax above will also work. So, if you have CONFIG_EXT2_FS=y,
224		kbuild will build an ext2.o file for you out of the individual
225		parts and then link this into built-in.o, as you would expect.
226	
227	--- 3.4 Objects which export symbols
228	
229		No special notation is required in the makefiles for
230		modules exporting symbols.
231	
232	--- 3.5 Library file goals - lib-y
233	
234		Objects listed with obj-* are used for modules, or
235		combined in a built-in.o for that specific directory.
236		There is also the possibility to list objects that will
237		be included in a library, lib.a.
238		All objects listed with lib-y are combined in a single
239		library for that directory.
240		Objects that are listed in obj-y and additionally listed in
241		lib-y will not be included in the library, since they will
242		be accessible anyway.
243		For consistency, objects listed in lib-m will be included in lib.a.
244	
245		Note that the same kbuild makefile may list files to be built-in
246		and to be part of a library. Therefore the same directory
247		may contain both a built-in.o and a lib.a file.
248	
249		Example:
250			#arch/x86/lib/Makefile
251			lib-y    := delay.o
252	
253		This will create a library lib.a based on delay.o. For kbuild to
254		actually recognize that there is a lib.a being built, the directory
255		shall be listed in libs-y.
256		See also "6.4 List directories to visit when descending".
257	
258		Use of lib-y is normally restricted to lib/ and arch/*/lib.
259	
260	--- 3.6 Descending down in directories
261	
262		A Makefile is only responsible for building objects in its own
263		directory. Files in subdirectories should be taken care of by
264		Makefiles in these subdirs. The build system will automatically
265		invoke make recursively in subdirectories, provided you let it know of
266		them.
267	
268		To do so, obj-y and obj-m are used.
269		ext2 lives in a separate directory, and the Makefile present in fs/
270		tells kbuild to descend down using the following assignment.
271	
272		Example:
273			#fs/Makefile
274			obj-$(CONFIG_EXT2_FS) += ext2/
275	
276		If CONFIG_EXT2_FS is set to either 'y' (built-in) or 'm' (modular)
277		the corresponding obj- variable will be set, and kbuild will descend
278		down in the ext2 directory.
279		Kbuild only uses this information to decide that it needs to visit
280		the directory, it is the Makefile in the subdirectory that
281		specifies what is modular and what is built-in.
282	
283		It is good practice to use a CONFIG_ variable when assigning directory
284		names. This allows kbuild to totally skip the directory if the
285		corresponding CONFIG_ option is neither 'y' nor 'm'.
286	
287	--- 3.7 Compilation flags
288	
289	    ccflags-y, asflags-y and ldflags-y
290		These three flags apply only to the kbuild makefile in which they
291		are assigned. They are used for all the normal cc, as and ld
292		invocations happening during a recursive build.
293		Note: Flags with the same behaviour were previously named:
294		EXTRA_CFLAGS, EXTRA_AFLAGS and EXTRA_LDFLAGS.
295		They are still supported but their usage is deprecated.
296	
297		ccflags-y specifies options for compiling with $(CC).
298	
299		Example:
300			# drivers/acpi/acpica/Makefile
301			ccflags-y			:= -Os -D_LINUX -DBUILDING_ACPICA
302			ccflags-$(CONFIG_ACPI_DEBUG)	+= -DACPI_DEBUG_OUTPUT
303	
304		This variable is necessary because the top Makefile owns the
305		variable $(KBUILD_CFLAGS) and uses it for compilation flags for the
306		entire tree.
307	
308		asflags-y specifies options for assembling with $(AS).
309	
310		Example:
311			#arch/sparc/kernel/Makefile
312			asflags-y := -ansi
313	
314		ldflags-y specifies options for linking with $(LD).
315	
316		Example:
317			#arch/cris/boot/compressed/Makefile
318			ldflags-y += -T $(srctree)/$(src)/decompress_$(arch-y).lds
319	
320	    subdir-ccflags-y, subdir-asflags-y
321		The two flags listed above are similar to ccflags-y and asflags-y.
322		The difference is that the subdir- variants have effect for the kbuild
323		file where they are present and all subdirectories.
324		Options specified using subdir-* are added to the commandline before
325		the options specified using the non-subdir variants.
326	
327		Example:
328			subdir-ccflags-y := -Werror
329	
330	    CFLAGS_$@, AFLAGS_$@
331	
332		CFLAGS_$@ and AFLAGS_$@ only apply to commands in current
333		kbuild makefile.
334	
335		$(CFLAGS_$@) specifies per-file options for $(CC).  The $@
336		part has a literal value which specifies the file that it is for.
337	
338		Example:
339			# drivers/scsi/Makefile
340			CFLAGS_aha152x.o =   -DAHA152X_STAT -DAUTOCONF
341			CFLAGS_gdth.o    = # -DDEBUG_GDTH=2 -D__SERIAL__ -D__COM2__ \
342					     -DGDTH_STATISTICS
343	
344		These two lines specify compilation flags for aha152x.o and gdth.o.
345	
346		$(AFLAGS_$@) is a similar feature for source files in assembly
347		languages.
348	
349		Example:
350			# arch/arm/kernel/Makefile
351			AFLAGS_head.o        := -DTEXT_OFFSET=$(TEXT_OFFSET)
352			AFLAGS_crunch-bits.o := -Wa,-mcpu=ep9312
353			AFLAGS_iwmmxt.o      := -Wa,-mcpu=iwmmxt
354	
355	
356	--- 3.9 Dependency tracking
357	
358		Kbuild tracks dependencies on the following:
359		1) All prerequisite files (both *.c and *.h)
360		2) CONFIG_ options used in all prerequisite files
361		3) Command-line used to compile target
362	
363		Thus, if you change an option to $(CC) all affected files will
364		be re-compiled.
365	
366	--- 3.10 Special Rules
367	
368		Special rules are used when the kbuild infrastructure does
369		not provide the required support. A typical example is
370		header files generated during the build process.
371		Another example are the architecture-specific Makefiles which
372		need special rules to prepare boot images etc.
373	
374		Special rules are written as normal Make rules.
375		Kbuild is not executing in the directory where the Makefile is
376		located, so all special rules shall provide a relative
377		path to prerequisite files and target files.
378	
379		Two variables are used when defining special rules:
380	
381	    $(src)
382		$(src) is a relative path which points to the directory
383		where the Makefile is located. Always use $(src) when
384		referring to files located in the src tree.
385	
386	    $(obj)
387		$(obj) is a relative path which points to the directory
388		where the target is saved. Always use $(obj) when
389		referring to generated files.
390	
391		Example:
392			#drivers/scsi/Makefile
393			$(obj)/53c8xx_d.h: $(src)/53c7,8xx.scr $(src)/script_asm.pl
394				$(CPP) -DCHIP=810 - < $< | ... $(src)/script_asm.pl
395	
396		This is a special rule, following the normal syntax
397		required by make.
398		The target file depends on two prerequisite files. References
399		to the target file are prefixed with $(obj), references
400		to prerequisites are referenced with $(src) (because they are not
401		generated files).
402	
403	    $(kecho)
404		echoing information to user in a rule is often a good practice
405		but when execution "make -s" one does not expect to see any output
406		except for warnings/errors.
407		To support this kbuild defines $(kecho) which will echo out the
408		text following $(kecho) to stdout except if "make -s" is used.
409	
410		Example:
411			#arch/blackfin/boot/Makefile
412			$(obj)/vmImage: $(obj)/vmlinux.gz
413				$(call if_changed,uimage)
414				@$(kecho) 'Kernel: $@ is ready'
415	
416	
417	--- 3.11 $(CC) support functions
418	
419		The kernel may be built with several different versions of
420		$(CC), each supporting a unique set of features and options.
421		kbuild provides basic support to check for valid options for $(CC).
422		$(CC) is usually the gcc compiler, but other alternatives are
423		available.
424	
425	    as-option
426		as-option is used to check if $(CC) -- when used to compile
427		assembler (*.S) files -- supports the given option. An optional
428		second option may be specified if the first option is not supported.
429	
430		Example:
431			#arch/sh/Makefile
432			cflags-y += $(call as-option,-Wa$(comma)-isa=$(isa-y),)
433	
434		In the above example, cflags-y will be assigned the option
435		-Wa$(comma)-isa=$(isa-y) if it is supported by $(CC).
436		The second argument is optional, and if supplied will be used
437		if first argument is not supported.
438	
439	    cc-ldoption
440		cc-ldoption is used to check if $(CC) when used to link object files
441		supports the given option.  An optional second option may be
442		specified if first option are not supported.
443	
444		Example:
445			#arch/x86/kernel/Makefile
446			vsyscall-flags += $(call cc-ldoption, -Wl$(comma)--hash-style=sysv)
447	
448		In the above example, vsyscall-flags will be assigned the option
449		-Wl$(comma)--hash-style=sysv if it is supported by $(CC).
450		The second argument is optional, and if supplied will be used
451		if first argument is not supported.
452	
453	    as-instr
454		as-instr checks if the assembler reports a specific instruction
455		and then outputs either option1 or option2
456		C escapes are supported in the test instruction
457		Note: as-instr-option uses KBUILD_AFLAGS for $(AS) options
458	
459	    cc-option
460		cc-option is used to check if $(CC) supports a given option, and if
461		not supported to use an optional second option.
462	
463		Example:
464			#arch/x86/Makefile
465			cflags-y += $(call cc-option,-march=pentium-mmx,-march=i586)
466	
467		In the above example, cflags-y will be assigned the option
468		-march=pentium-mmx if supported by $(CC), otherwise -march=i586.
469		The second argument to cc-option is optional, and if omitted,
470		cflags-y will be assigned no value if first option is not supported.
471		Note: cc-option uses KBUILD_CFLAGS for $(CC) options
472	
473	   cc-option-yn
474		cc-option-yn is used to check if gcc supports a given option
475		and return 'y' if supported, otherwise 'n'.
476	
477		Example:
478			#arch/ppc/Makefile
479			biarch := $(call cc-option-yn, -m32)
480			aflags-$(biarch) += -a32
481			cflags-$(biarch) += -m32
482	
483		In the above example, $(biarch) is set to y if $(CC) supports the -m32
484		option. When $(biarch) equals 'y', the expanded variables $(aflags-y)
485		and $(cflags-y) will be assigned the values -a32 and -m32,
486		respectively.
487		Note: cc-option-yn uses KBUILD_CFLAGS for $(CC) options
488	
489	    cc-disable-warning
490		cc-disable-warning checks if gcc supports a given warning and returns
491		the commandline switch to disable it. This special function is needed,
492		because gcc 4.4 and later accept any unknown -Wno-* option and only
493		warn about it if there is another warning in the source file.
494	
495		Example:
496			KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(call cc-disable-warning, unused-but-set-variable)
497	
498		In the above example, -Wno-unused-but-set-variable will be added to
499		KBUILD_CFLAGS only if gcc really accepts it.
500	
501	    cc-version
502		cc-version returns a numerical version of the $(CC) compiler version.
503		The format is <major><minor> where both are two digits. So for example
504		gcc 3.41 would return 0341.
505		cc-version is useful when a specific $(CC) version is faulty in one
506		area, for example -mregparm=3 was broken in some gcc versions
507		even though the option was accepted by gcc.
508	
509		Example:
510			#arch/x86/Makefile
511			cflags-y += $(shell \
512			if [ $(cc-version) -ge 0300 ] ; then \
513				echo "-mregparm=3"; fi ;)
514	
515		In the above example, -mregparm=3 is only used for gcc version greater
516		than or equal to gcc 3.0.
517	
518	    cc-ifversion
519		cc-ifversion tests the version of $(CC) and equals the fourth parameter
520		if version expression is true, or the fifth (if given) if the version
521		expression is false.
522	
523		Example:
524			#fs/reiserfs/Makefile
525			ccflags-y := $(call cc-ifversion, -lt, 0402, -O1)
526	
527		In this example, ccflags-y will be assigned the value -O1 if the
528		$(CC) version is less than 4.2.
529		cc-ifversion takes all the shell operators:
530		-eq, -ne, -lt, -le, -gt, and -ge
531		The third parameter may be a text as in this example, but it may also
532		be an expanded variable or a macro.
533	
534	    cc-fullversion
535		cc-fullversion is useful when the exact version of gcc is needed.
536		One typical use-case is when a specific GCC version is broken.
537		cc-fullversion points out a more specific version than cc-version does.
538	
539		Example:
540			#arch/powerpc/Makefile
541			$(Q)if test "$(cc-fullversion)" = "040200" ; then \
542				echo -n '*** GCC-4.2.0 cannot compile the 64-bit powerpc ' ; \
543				false ; \
544			fi
545	
546		In this example for a specific GCC version the build will error out
547		explaining to the user why it stops.
548	
549	    cc-cross-prefix
550		cc-cross-prefix is used to check if there exists a $(CC) in path with
551		one of the listed prefixes. The first prefix where there exist a
552		prefix$(CC) in the PATH is returned - and if no prefix$(CC) is found
553		then nothing is returned.
554		Additional prefixes are separated by a single space in the
555		call of cc-cross-prefix.
556		This functionality is useful for architecture Makefiles that try
557		to set CROSS_COMPILE to well-known values but may have several
558		values to select between.
559		It is recommended only to try to set CROSS_COMPILE if it is a cross
560		build (host arch is different from target arch). And if CROSS_COMPILE
561		is already set then leave it with the old value.
562	
563		Example:
564			#arch/m68k/Makefile
565			ifneq ($(SUBARCH),$(ARCH))
566			        ifeq ($(CROSS_COMPILE),)
567			               CROSS_COMPILE := $(call cc-cross-prefix, m68k-linux-gnu-)
568				endif
569			endif
570	
571	--- 3.12 $(LD) support functions
572	
573	    ld-option
574		ld-option is used to check if $(LD) supports the supplied option.
575		ld-option takes two options as arguments.
576		The second argument is an optional option that can be used if the
577		first option is not supported by $(LD).
578	
579		Example:
580			#Makefile
581			LDFLAGS_vmlinux += $(call ld-option, -X)
582	
583	
584	=== 4 Host Program support
585	
586	Kbuild supports building executables on the host for use during the
587	compilation stage.
588	Two steps are required in order to use a host executable.
589	
590	The first step is to tell kbuild that a host program exists. This is
591	done utilising the variable hostprogs-y.
592	
593	The second step is to add an explicit dependency to the executable.
594	This can be done in two ways. Either add the dependency in a rule,
595	or utilise the variable $(always).
596	Both possibilities are described in the following.
597	
598	--- 4.1 Simple Host Program
599	
600		In some cases there is a need to compile and run a program on the
601		computer where the build is running.
602		The following line tells kbuild that the program bin2hex shall be
603		built on the build host.
604	
605		Example:
606			hostprogs-y := bin2hex
607	
608		Kbuild assumes in the above example that bin2hex is made from a single
609		c-source file named bin2hex.c located in the same directory as
610		the Makefile.
611	
612	--- 4.2 Composite Host Programs
613	
614		Host programs can be made up based on composite objects.
615		The syntax used to define composite objects for host programs is
616		similar to the syntax used for kernel objects.
617		$(<executable>-objs) lists all objects used to link the final
618		executable.
619	
620		Example:
621			#scripts/lxdialog/Makefile
622			hostprogs-y   := lxdialog
623			lxdialog-objs := checklist.o lxdialog.o
624	
625		Objects with extension .o are compiled from the corresponding .c
626		files. In the above example, checklist.c is compiled to checklist.o
627		and lxdialog.c is compiled to lxdialog.o.
628		Finally, the two .o files are linked to the executable, lxdialog.
629		Note: The syntax <executable>-y is not permitted for host-programs.
630	
631	--- 4.3 Using C++ for host programs
632	
633		kbuild offers support for host programs written in C++. This was
634		introduced solely to support kconfig, and is not recommended
635		for general use.
636	
637		Example:
638			#scripts/kconfig/Makefile
639			hostprogs-y   := qconf
640			qconf-cxxobjs := qconf.o
641	
642		In the example above the executable is composed of the C++ file
643		qconf.cc - identified by $(qconf-cxxobjs).
644	
645		If qconf is composed of a mixture of .c and .cc files, then an
646		additional line can be used to identify this.
647	
648		Example:
649			#scripts/kconfig/Makefile
650			hostprogs-y   := qconf
651			qconf-cxxobjs := qconf.o
652			qconf-objs    := check.o
653	
654	--- 4.4 Controlling compiler options for host programs
655	
656		When compiling host programs, it is possible to set specific flags.
657		The programs will always be compiled utilising $(HOSTCC) passed
658		the options specified in $(HOSTCFLAGS).
659		To set flags that will take effect for all host programs created
660		in that Makefile, use the variable HOST_EXTRACFLAGS.
661	
662		Example:
663			#scripts/lxdialog/Makefile
664			HOST_EXTRACFLAGS += -I/usr/include/ncurses
665	
666		To set specific flags for a single file the following construction
667		is used:
668	
669		Example:
670			#arch/ppc64/boot/Makefile
671			HOSTCFLAGS_piggyback.o := -DKERNELBASE=$(KERNELBASE)
672	
673		It is also possible to specify additional options to the linker.
674	
675		Example:
676			#scripts/kconfig/Makefile
677			HOSTLOADLIBES_qconf := -L$(QTDIR)/lib
678	
679		When linking qconf, it will be passed the extra option
680		"-L$(QTDIR)/lib".
681	
682	--- 4.5 When host programs are actually built
683	
684		Kbuild will only build host-programs when they are referenced
685		as a prerequisite.
686		This is possible in two ways:
687	
688		(1) List the prerequisite explicitly in a special rule.
689	
690		Example:
691			#drivers/pci/Makefile
692			hostprogs-y := gen-devlist
693			$(obj)/devlist.h: $(src)/pci.ids $(obj)/gen-devlist
694				( cd $(obj); ./gen-devlist ) < $<
695	
696		The target $(obj)/devlist.h will not be built before
697		$(obj)/gen-devlist is updated. Note that references to
698		the host programs in special rules must be prefixed with $(obj).
699	
700		(2) Use $(always)
701		When there is no suitable special rule, and the host program
702		shall be built when a makefile is entered, the $(always)
703		variable shall be used.
704	
705		Example:
706			#scripts/lxdialog/Makefile
707			hostprogs-y   := lxdialog
708			always        := $(hostprogs-y)
709	
710		This will tell kbuild to build lxdialog even if not referenced in
711		any rule.
712	
713	--- 4.6 Using hostprogs-$(CONFIG_FOO)
714	
715		A typical pattern in a Kbuild file looks like this:
716	
717		Example:
718			#scripts/Makefile
719			hostprogs-$(CONFIG_KALLSYMS) += kallsyms
720	
721		Kbuild knows about both 'y' for built-in and 'm' for module.
722		So if a config symbol evaluates to 'm', kbuild will still build
723		the binary. In other words, Kbuild handles hostprogs-m exactly
724		like hostprogs-y. But only hostprogs-y is recommended to be used
725		when no CONFIG symbols are involved.
726	
727	=== 5 Kbuild clean infrastructure
728	
729	"make clean" deletes most generated files in the obj tree where the kernel
730	is compiled. This includes generated files such as host programs.
731	Kbuild knows targets listed in $(hostprogs-y), $(hostprogs-m), $(always),
732	$(extra-y) and $(targets). They are all deleted during "make clean".
733	Files matching the patterns "*.[oas]", "*.ko", plus some additional files
734	generated by kbuild are deleted all over the kernel src tree when
735	"make clean" is executed.
736	
737	Additional files can be specified in kbuild makefiles by use of $(clean-files).
738	
739		Example:
740			#lib/Makefile
741			clean-files := crc32table.h
742	
743	When executing "make clean", the file "crc32table.h" will be deleted.
744	Kbuild will assume files to be in the same relative directory as the
745	Makefile, except if prefixed with $(objtree).
746	
747	To delete a directory hierarchy use:
748	
749		Example:
750			#scripts/package/Makefile
751			clean-dirs := $(objtree)/debian/
752	
753	This will delete the directory debian in the toplevel directory, including all
754	subdirectories.
755	
756	To exclude certain files from make clean, use the $(no-clean-files) variable.
757	This is only a special case used in the top level Kbuild file:
758	
759		Example:
760			#Kbuild
761			no-clean-files := $(bounds-file) $(offsets-file)
762	
763	Usually kbuild descends down in subdirectories due to "obj-* := dir/",
764	but in the architecture makefiles where the kbuild infrastructure
765	is not sufficient this sometimes needs to be explicit.
766	
767		Example:
768			#arch/x86/boot/Makefile
769			subdir- := compressed/
770	
771	The above assignment instructs kbuild to descend down in the
772	directory compressed/ when "make clean" is executed.
773	
774	To support the clean infrastructure in the Makefiles that build the
775	final bootimage there is an optional target named archclean:
776	
777		Example:
778			#arch/x86/Makefile
779			archclean:
780				$(Q)$(MAKE) $(clean)=arch/x86/boot
781	
782	When "make clean" is executed, make will descend down in arch/x86/boot,
783	and clean as usual. The Makefile located in arch/x86/boot/ may use
784	the subdir- trick to descend further down.
785	
786	Note 1: arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile cannot use "subdir-", because that file is
787	included in the top level makefile, and the kbuild infrastructure
788	is not operational at that point.
789	
790	Note 2: All directories listed in core-y, libs-y, drivers-y and net-y will
791	be visited during "make clean".
792	
793	=== 6 Architecture Makefiles
794	
795	The top level Makefile sets up the environment and does the preparation,
796	before starting to descend down in the individual directories.
797	The top level makefile contains the generic part, whereas
798	arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile contains what is required to set up kbuild
799	for said architecture.
800	To do so, arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile sets up a number of variables and defines
801	a few targets.
802	
803	When kbuild executes, the following steps are followed (roughly):
804	1) Configuration of the kernel => produce .config
805	2) Store kernel version in include/linux/version.h
806	3) Updating all other prerequisites to the target prepare:
807	   - Additional prerequisites are specified in arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile
808	4) Recursively descend down in all directories listed in
809	   init-* core* drivers-* net-* libs-* and build all targets.
810	   - The values of the above variables are expanded in arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile.
811	5) All object files are then linked and the resulting file vmlinux is
812	   located at the root of the obj tree.
813	   The very first objects linked are listed in head-y, assigned by
814	   arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile.
815	6) Finally, the architecture-specific part does any required post processing
816	   and builds the final bootimage.
817	   - This includes building boot records
818	   - Preparing initrd images and the like
819	
820	
821	--- 6.1 Set variables to tweak the build to the architecture
822	
823	    LDFLAGS		Generic $(LD) options
824	
825		Flags used for all invocations of the linker.
826		Often specifying the emulation is sufficient.
827	
828		Example:
829			#arch/s390/Makefile
830			LDFLAGS         := -m elf_s390
831		Note: ldflags-y can be used to further customise
832		the flags used. See chapter 3.7.
833	
834	    LDFLAGS_MODULE	Options for $(LD) when linking modules
835	
836		LDFLAGS_MODULE is used to set specific flags for $(LD) when
837		linking the .ko files used for modules.
838		Default is "-r", for relocatable output.
839	
840	    LDFLAGS_vmlinux	Options for $(LD) when linking vmlinux
841	
842		LDFLAGS_vmlinux is used to specify additional flags to pass to
843		the linker when linking the final vmlinux image.
844		LDFLAGS_vmlinux uses the LDFLAGS_$@ support.
845	
846		Example:
847			#arch/x86/Makefile
848			LDFLAGS_vmlinux := -e stext
849	
850	    OBJCOPYFLAGS	objcopy flags
851	
852		When $(call if_changed,objcopy) is used to translate a .o file,
853		the flags specified in OBJCOPYFLAGS will be used.
854		$(call if_changed,objcopy) is often used to generate raw binaries on
855		vmlinux.
856	
857		Example:
858			#arch/s390/Makefile
859			OBJCOPYFLAGS := -O binary
860	
861			#arch/s390/boot/Makefile
862			$(obj)/image: vmlinux FORCE
863				$(call if_changed,objcopy)
864	
865		In this example, the binary $(obj)/image is a binary version of
866		vmlinux. The usage of $(call if_changed,xxx) will be described later.
867	
868	    KBUILD_AFLAGS		$(AS) assembler flags
869	
870		Default value - see top level Makefile
871		Append or modify as required per architecture.
872	
873		Example:
874			#arch/sparc64/Makefile
875			KBUILD_AFLAGS += -m64 -mcpu=ultrasparc
876	
877	    KBUILD_CFLAGS		$(CC) compiler flags
878	
879		Default value - see top level Makefile
880		Append or modify as required per architecture.
881	
882		Often, the KBUILD_CFLAGS variable depends on the configuration.
883	
884		Example:
885			#arch/x86/boot/compressed/Makefile
886			cflags-$(CONFIG_X86_32) := -march=i386
887			cflags-$(CONFIG_X86_64) := -mcmodel=small
888			KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(cflags-y)
889	
890		Many arch Makefiles dynamically run the target C compiler to
891		probe supported options:
892	
893			#arch/x86/Makefile
894	
895			...
896			cflags-$(CONFIG_MPENTIUMII)     += $(call cc-option,\
897							-march=pentium2,-march=i686)
898			...
899			# Disable unit-at-a-time mode ...
900			KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(call cc-option,-fno-unit-at-a-time)
901			...
902	
903	
904		The first example utilises the trick that a config option expands
905		to 'y' when selected.
906	
907	    KBUILD_AFLAGS_KERNEL	$(AS) options specific for built-in
908	
909		$(KBUILD_AFLAGS_KERNEL) contains extra C compiler flags used to compile
910		resident kernel code.
911	
912	    KBUILD_AFLAGS_MODULE   Options for $(AS) when building modules
913	
914		$(KBUILD_AFLAGS_MODULE) is used to add arch-specific options that
915		are used for $(AS).
916		From commandline AFLAGS_MODULE shall be used (see kbuild.txt).
917	
918	    KBUILD_CFLAGS_KERNEL	$(CC) options specific for built-in
919	
920		$(KBUILD_CFLAGS_KERNEL) contains extra C compiler flags used to compile
921		resident kernel code.
922	
923	    KBUILD_CFLAGS_MODULE   Options for $(CC) when building modules
924	
925		$(KBUILD_CFLAGS_MODULE) is used to add arch-specific options that
926		are used for $(CC).
927		From commandline CFLAGS_MODULE shall be used (see kbuild.txt).
928	
929	    KBUILD_LDFLAGS_MODULE   Options for $(LD) when linking modules
930	
931		$(KBUILD_LDFLAGS_MODULE) is used to add arch-specific options
932		used when linking modules. This is often a linker script.
933		From commandline LDFLAGS_MODULE shall be used (see kbuild.txt).
934	
935	    KBUILD_ARFLAGS   Options for $(AR) when creating archives
936	
937		$(KBUILD_ARFLAGS) set by the top level Makefile to "D" (deterministic
938		mode) if this option is supported by $(AR).
939	
940	    ARCH_CPPFLAGS, ARCH_AFLAGS, ARCH_CFLAGS   Overrides the kbuild defaults
941	
942		These variables are appended to the KBUILD_CPPFLAGS,
943		KBUILD_AFLAGS, and KBUILD_CFLAGS, respectively, after the
944		top-level Makefile has set any other flags. This provides a
945		means for an architecture to override the defaults.
946	
947	
948	--- 6.2 Add prerequisites to archheaders:
949	
950		The archheaders: rule is used to generate header files that
951		may be installed into user space by "make header_install" or
952		"make headers_install_all".  In order to support
953		"make headers_install_all", this target has to be able to run
954		on an unconfigured tree, or a tree configured for another
955		architecture.
956	
957		It is run before "make archprepare" when run on the
958		architecture itself.
959	
960	
961	--- 6.3 Add prerequisites to archprepare:
962	
963		The archprepare: rule is used to list prerequisites that need to be
964		built before starting to descend down in the subdirectories.
965		This is usually used for header files containing assembler constants.
966	
967			Example:
968			#arch/arm/Makefile
969			archprepare: maketools
970	
971		In this example, the file target maketools will be processed
972		before descending down in the subdirectories.
973		See also chapter XXX-TODO that describe how kbuild supports
974		generating offset header files.
975	
976	
977	--- 6.4 List directories to visit when descending
978	
979		An arch Makefile cooperates with the top Makefile to define variables
980		which specify how to build the vmlinux file.  Note that there is no
981		corresponding arch-specific section for modules; the module-building
982		machinery is all architecture-independent.
983	
984	
985	    head-y, init-y, core-y, libs-y, drivers-y, net-y
986	
987		$(head-y) lists objects to be linked first in vmlinux.
988		$(libs-y) lists directories where a lib.a archive can be located.
989		The rest list directories where a built-in.o object file can be
990		located.
991	
992		$(init-y) objects will be located after $(head-y).
993		Then the rest follows in this order:
994		$(core-y), $(libs-y), $(drivers-y) and $(net-y).
995	
996		The top level Makefile defines values for all generic directories,
997		and arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile only adds architecture-specific directories.
998	
999		Example:
1000			#arch/sparc64/Makefile
1001			core-y += arch/sparc64/kernel/
1002			libs-y += arch/sparc64/prom/ arch/sparc64/lib/
1003			drivers-$(CONFIG_OPROFILE)  += arch/sparc64/oprofile/
1004	
1005	
1006	--- 6.5 Architecture-specific boot images
1007	
1008		An arch Makefile specifies goals that take the vmlinux file, compress
1009		it, wrap it in bootstrapping code, and copy the resulting files
1010		somewhere. This includes various kinds of installation commands.
1011		The actual goals are not standardized across architectures.
1012	
1013		It is common to locate any additional processing in a boot/
1014		directory below arch/$(ARCH)/.
1015	
1016		Kbuild does not provide any smart way to support building a
1017		target specified in boot/. Therefore arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile shall
1018		call make manually to build a target in boot/.
1019	
1020		The recommended approach is to include shortcuts in
1021		arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile, and use the full path when calling down
1022		into the arch/$(ARCH)/boot/Makefile.
1023	
1024		Example:
1025			#arch/x86/Makefile
1026			boot := arch/x86/boot
1027			bzImage: vmlinux
1028				$(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=$(boot) $(boot)/$@
1029	
1030		"$(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=<dir>" is the recommended way to invoke
1031		make in a subdirectory.
1032	
1033		There are no rules for naming architecture-specific targets,
1034		but executing "make help" will list all relevant targets.
1035		To support this, $(archhelp) must be defined.
1036	
1037		Example:
1038			#arch/x86/Makefile
1039			define archhelp
1040			  echo  '* bzImage      - Image (arch/$(ARCH)/boot/bzImage)'
1041			endif
1042	
1043		When make is executed without arguments, the first goal encountered
1044		will be built. In the top level Makefile the first goal present
1045		is all:.
1046		An architecture shall always, per default, build a bootable image.
1047		In "make help", the default goal is highlighted with a '*'.
1048		Add a new prerequisite to all: to select a default goal different
1049		from vmlinux.
1050	
1051		Example:
1052			#arch/x86/Makefile
1053			all: bzImage
1054	
1055		When "make" is executed without arguments, bzImage will be built.
1056	
1057	--- 6.6 Building non-kbuild targets
1058	
1059	    extra-y
1060	
1061		extra-y specifies additional targets created in the current
1062		directory, in addition to any targets specified by obj-*.
1063	
1064		Listing all targets in extra-y is required for two purposes:
1065		1) Enable kbuild to check changes in command lines
1066		   - When $(call if_changed,xxx) is used
1067		2) kbuild knows what files to delete during "make clean"
1068	
1069		Example:
1070			#arch/x86/kernel/Makefile
1071			extra-y := head.o init_task.o
1072	
1073		In this example, extra-y is used to list object files that
1074		shall be built, but shall not be linked as part of built-in.o.
1075	
1076	
1077	--- 6.7 Commands useful for building a boot image
1078	
1079		Kbuild provides a few macros that are useful when building a
1080		boot image.
1081	
1082	    if_changed
1083	
1084		if_changed is the infrastructure used for the following commands.
1085	
1086		Usage:
1087			target: source(s) FORCE
1088				$(call if_changed,ld/objcopy/gzip/...)
1089	
1090		When the rule is evaluated, it is checked to see if any files
1091		need an update, or the command line has changed since the last
1092		invocation. The latter will force a rebuild if any options
1093		to the executable have changed.
1094		Any target that utilises if_changed must be listed in $(targets),
1095		otherwise the command line check will fail, and the target will
1096		always be built.
1097		Assignments to $(targets) are without $(obj)/ prefix.
1098		if_changed may be used in conjunction with custom commands as
1099		defined in 6.8 "Custom kbuild commands".
1100	
1101		Note: It is a typical mistake to forget the FORCE prerequisite.
1102		Another common pitfall is that whitespace is sometimes
1103		significant; for instance, the below will fail (note the extra space
1104		after the comma):
1105			target: source(s) FORCE
1106		#WRONG!#	$(call if_changed, ld/objcopy/gzip/...)
1107	
1108	    ld
1109		Link target. Often, LDFLAGS_$@ is used to set specific options to ld.
1110	
1111		Example:
1112			#arch/x86/boot/Makefile
1113			LDFLAGS_bootsect := -Ttext 0x0 -s --oformat binary
1114			LDFLAGS_setup    := -Ttext 0x0 -s --oformat binary -e begtext
1115	
1116			targets += setup setup.o bootsect bootsect.o
1117			$(obj)/setup $(obj)/bootsect: %: %.o FORCE
1118				$(call if_changed,ld)
1119	
1120		In this example, there are two possible targets, requiring different
1121		options to the linker. The linker options are specified using the
1122		LDFLAGS_$@ syntax - one for each potential target.
1123		$(targets) are assigned all potential targets, by which kbuild knows
1124		the targets and will:
1125			1) check for commandline changes
1126			2) delete target during make clean
1127	
1128		The ": %: %.o" part of the prerequisite is a shorthand that
1129		frees us from listing the setup.o and bootsect.o files.
1130		Note: It is a common mistake to forget the "targets :=" assignment,
1131		      resulting in the target file being recompiled for no
1132		      obvious reason.
1133	
1134	    objcopy
1135		Copy binary. Uses OBJCOPYFLAGS usually specified in
1136		arch/$(ARCH)/Makefile.
1137		OBJCOPYFLAGS_$@ may be used to set additional options.
1138	
1139	    gzip
1140		Compress target. Use maximum compression to compress target.
1141	
1142		Example:
1143			#arch/x86/boot/compressed/Makefile
1144			$(obj)/vmlinux.bin.gz: $(vmlinux.bin.all-y) FORCE
1145				$(call if_changed,gzip)
1146	
1147	    dtc
1148		Create flattened device tree blob object suitable for linking
1149		into vmlinux. Device tree blobs linked into vmlinux are placed
1150		in an init section in the image. Platform code *must* copy the
1151		blob to non-init memory prior to calling unflatten_device_tree().
1152	
1153		To use this command, simply add *.dtb into obj-y or targets, or make
1154		some other target depend on %.dtb
1155	
1156		A central rule exists to create $(obj)/%.dtb from $(src)/%.dts;
1157		architecture Makefiles do no need to explicitly write out that rule.
1158	
1159		Example:
1160			targets += $(dtb-y)
1161			DTC_FLAGS ?= -p 1024
1162	
1163	--- 6.8 Custom kbuild commands
1164	
1165		When kbuild is executing with KBUILD_VERBOSE=0, then only a shorthand
1166		of a command is normally displayed.
1167		To enable this behaviour for custom commands kbuild requires
1168		two variables to be set:
1169		quiet_cmd_<command>	- what shall be echoed
1170		      cmd_<command>	- the command to execute
1171	
1172		Example:
1173			#
1174			quiet_cmd_image = BUILD   $@
1175			      cmd_image = $(obj)/tools/build $(BUILDFLAGS) \
1176			                                     $(obj)/vmlinux.bin > $@
1177	
1178			targets += bzImage
1179			$(obj)/bzImage: $(obj)/vmlinux.bin $(obj)/tools/build FORCE
1180				$(call if_changed,image)
1181				@echo 'Kernel: $@ is ready'
1182	
1183		When updating the $(obj)/bzImage target, the line
1184	
1185		BUILD    arch/x86/boot/bzImage
1186	
1187		will be displayed with "make KBUILD_VERBOSE=0".
1188	
1189	
1190	--- 6.9 Preprocessing linker scripts
1191	
1192		When the vmlinux image is built, the linker script
1193		arch/$(ARCH)/kernel/vmlinux.lds is used.
1194		The script is a preprocessed variant of the file vmlinux.lds.S
1195		located in the same directory.
1196		kbuild knows .lds files and includes a rule *lds.S -> *lds.
1197	
1198		Example:
1199			#arch/x86/kernel/Makefile
1200			always := vmlinux.lds
1201	
1202			#Makefile
1203			export CPPFLAGS_vmlinux.lds += -P -C -U$(ARCH)
1204	
1205		The assignment to $(always) is used to tell kbuild to build the
1206		target vmlinux.lds.
1207		The assignment to $(CPPFLAGS_vmlinux.lds) tells kbuild to use the
1208		specified options when building the target vmlinux.lds.
1209	
1210		When building the *.lds target, kbuild uses the variables:
1211		KBUILD_CPPFLAGS	: Set in top-level Makefile
1212		cppflags-y	: May be set in the kbuild makefile
1213		CPPFLAGS_$(@F)  : Target-specific flags.
1214		                  Note that the full filename is used in this
1215		                  assignment.
1216	
1217		The kbuild infrastructure for *lds files is used in several
1218		architecture-specific files.
1219	
1220	--- 6.10 Generic header files
1221	
1222		The directory include/asm-generic contains the header files
1223		that may be shared between individual architectures.
1224		The recommended approach how to use a generic header file is
1225		to list the file in the Kbuild file.
1226		See "7.2 generic-y" for further info on syntax etc.
1227	
1228	--- 6.11 Post-link pass
1229	
1230		If the file arch/xxx/Makefile.postlink exists, this makefile
1231		will be invoked for post-link objects (vmlinux and modules.ko)
1232		for architectures to run post-link passes on. Must also handle
1233		the clean target.
1234	
1235		This pass runs after kallsyms generation. If the architecture
1236		needs to modify symbol locations, rather than manipulate the
1237		kallsyms, it may be easier to add another postlink target for
1238		.tmp_vmlinux? targets to be called from link-vmlinux.sh.
1239	
1240		For example, powerpc uses this to check relocation sanity of
1241		the linked vmlinux file.
1242	
1243	=== 7 Kbuild syntax for exported headers
1244	
1245	The kernel includes a set of headers that is exported to userspace.
1246	Many headers can be exported as-is but other headers require a
1247	minimal pre-processing before they are ready for user-space.
1248	The pre-processing does:
1249	- drop kernel-specific annotations
1250	- drop include of compiler.h
1251	- drop all sections that are kernel internal (guarded by ifdef __KERNEL__)
1252	
1253	All headers under include/uapi/, include/generated/uapi/,
1254	arch/<arch>/include/uapi/ and arch/<arch>/include/generated/uapi/
1255	are exported.
1256	
1257	A Kbuild file may be defined under arch/<arch>/include/uapi/asm/ and
1258	arch/<arch>/include/asm/ to list asm files coming from asm-generic.
1259	See subsequent chapter for the syntax of the Kbuild file.
1260	
1261	--- 7.1 no-export-headers
1262	
1263		no-export-headers is essentially used by include/uapi/linux/Kbuild to
1264		avoid exporting specific headers (e.g. kvm.h) on architectures that do
1265		not support it. It should be avoided as much as possible.
1266	
1267	--- 7.2 generic-y
1268	
1269		If an architecture uses a verbatim copy of a header from
1270		include/asm-generic then this is listed in the file
1271		arch/$(ARCH)/include/asm/Kbuild like this:
1272	
1273			Example:
1274				#arch/x86/include/asm/Kbuild
1275				generic-y += termios.h
1276				generic-y += rtc.h
1277	
1278		During the prepare phase of the build a wrapper include
1279		file is generated in the directory:
1280	
1281			arch/$(ARCH)/include/generated/asm
1282	
1283		When a header is exported where the architecture uses
1284		the generic header a similar wrapper is generated as part
1285		of the set of exported headers in the directory:
1286	
1287			usr/include/asm
1288	
1289		The generated wrapper will in both cases look like the following:
1290	
1291			Example: termios.h
1292				#include <asm-generic/termios.h>
1293	
1294	--- 7.3 generated-y
1295	
1296		If an architecture generates other header files alongside generic-y
1297		wrappers, generated-y specifies them.
1298	
1299		This prevents them being treated as stale asm-generic wrappers and
1300		removed.
1301	
1302			Example:
1303				#arch/x86/include/asm/Kbuild
1304				generated-y += syscalls_32.h
1305	
1306	--- 7.4 mandatory-y
1307	
1308		mandatory-y is essentially used by include/uapi/asm-generic/Kbuild.asm
1309		to define the minimum set of headers that must be exported in
1310		include/asm.
1311	
1312		The convention is to list one subdir per line and
1313		preferably in alphabetic order.
1314	
1315	=== 8 Kbuild Variables
1316	
1317	The top Makefile exports the following variables:
1318	
1319	    VERSION, PATCHLEVEL, SUBLEVEL, EXTRAVERSION
1320	
1321		These variables define the current kernel version.  A few arch
1322		Makefiles actually use these values directly; they should use
1323		$(KERNELRELEASE) instead.
1324	
1325		$(VERSION), $(PATCHLEVEL), and $(SUBLEVEL) define the basic
1326		three-part version number, such as "2", "4", and "0".  These three
1327		values are always numeric.
1328	
1329		$(EXTRAVERSION) defines an even tinier sublevel for pre-patches
1330		or additional patches.	It is usually some non-numeric string
1331		such as "-pre4", and is often blank.
1332	
1333	    KERNELRELEASE
1334	
1335		$(KERNELRELEASE) is a single string such as "2.4.0-pre4", suitable
1336		for constructing installation directory names or showing in
1337		version strings.  Some arch Makefiles use it for this purpose.
1338	
1339	    ARCH
1340	
1341		This variable defines the target architecture, such as "i386",
1342		"arm", or "sparc". Some kbuild Makefiles test $(ARCH) to
1343		determine which files to compile.
1344	
1345		By default, the top Makefile sets $(ARCH) to be the same as the
1346		host system architecture.  For a cross build, a user may
1347		override the value of $(ARCH) on the command line:
1348	
1349		    make ARCH=m68k ...
1350	
1351	
1352	    INSTALL_PATH
1353	
1354		This variable defines a place for the arch Makefiles to install
1355		the resident kernel image and System.map file.
1356		Use this for architecture-specific install targets.
1357	
1358	    INSTALL_MOD_PATH, MODLIB
1359	
1360		$(INSTALL_MOD_PATH) specifies a prefix to $(MODLIB) for module
1361		installation.  This variable is not defined in the Makefile but
1362		may be passed in by the user if desired.
1363	
1364		$(MODLIB) specifies the directory for module installation.
1365		The top Makefile defines $(MODLIB) to
1366		$(INSTALL_MOD_PATH)/lib/modules/$(KERNELRELEASE).  The user may
1367		override this value on the command line if desired.
1368	
1369	    INSTALL_MOD_STRIP
1370	
1371		If this variable is specified, it will cause modules to be stripped
1372		after they are installed.  If INSTALL_MOD_STRIP is '1', then the
1373		default option --strip-debug will be used.  Otherwise, the
1374		INSTALL_MOD_STRIP value will be used as the option(s) to the strip
1375		command.
1376	
1377	
1378	=== 9 Makefile language
1379	
1380	The kernel Makefiles are designed to be run with GNU Make.  The Makefiles
1381	use only the documented features of GNU Make, but they do use many
1382	GNU extensions.
1383	
1384	GNU Make supports elementary list-processing functions.  The kernel
1385	Makefiles use a novel style of list building and manipulation with few
1386	"if" statements.
1387	
1388	GNU Make has two assignment operators, ":=" and "=".  ":=" performs
1389	immediate evaluation of the right-hand side and stores an actual string
1390	into the left-hand side.  "=" is like a formula definition; it stores the
1391	right-hand side in an unevaluated form and then evaluates this form each
1392	time the left-hand side is used.
1393	
1394	There are some cases where "=" is appropriate.  Usually, though, ":="
1395	is the right choice.
1396	
1397	=== 10 Credits
1398	
1399	Original version made by Michael Elizabeth Chastain, <mailto:mec@shout.net>
1400	Updates by Kai Germaschewski <kai@tp1.ruhr-uni-bochum.de>
1401	Updates by Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
1402	Language QA by Jan Engelhardt <jengelh@gmx.de>
1403	
1404	=== 11 TODO
1405	
1406	- Describe how kbuild supports shipped files with _shipped.
1407	- Generating offset header files.
1408	- Add more variables to section 7?
1409	
1410	
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