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Documentation / sound / alsa / ALSA-Configuration.txt

Based on kernel version 2.6.30. Page generated on 2009-06-11 10:13 EST.

1	
2			Advanced Linux Sound Architecture - Driver
3			==========================================
4				    Configuration guide
5	
6	
7	Kernel Configuration
8	====================
9	
10	To enable ALSA support you need at least to build the kernel with
11	primary sound card support (CONFIG_SOUND).  Since ALSA can emulate OSS,
12	you don't have to choose any of the OSS modules.
13	
14	Enable "OSS API emulation" (CONFIG_SND_OSSEMUL) and both OSS mixer and
15	PCM supports if you want to run OSS applications with ALSA.
16	
17	If you want to support the WaveTable functionality on cards such as
18	SB Live! then you need to enable "Sequencer support"
19	(CONFIG_SND_SEQUENCER).
20	
21	To make ALSA debug messages more verbose, enable the "Verbose printk"
22	and "Debug" options.  To check for memory leaks, turn on "Debug memory"
23	too.  "Debug detection" will add checks for the detection of cards.
24	
25	Please note that all the ALSA ISA drivers support the Linux isapnp API
26	(if the card supports ISA PnP).  You don't need to configure the cards
27	using isapnptools.
28	
29	
30	Creating ALSA devices
31	=====================
32	
33	This depends on your distribution, but normally you use the /dev/MAKEDEV
34	script to create the necessary device nodes.  On some systems you use a
35	script named 'snddevices'.
36	
37	
38	Module parameters
39	=================
40	
41	The user can load modules with options. If the module supports more than
42	one card and you have more than one card of the same type then you can
43	specify multiple values for the option separated by commas.
44	
45	Prior to version 0.9.0rc4 options had a 'snd_' prefix. This was removed.
46	
47	  Module snd
48	  ----------
49	
50	    The core ALSA module.  It is used by all ALSA card drivers.
51	    It takes the following options which have global effects.
52	
53	    major	- major number for sound driver
54			- Default: 116
55	    cards_limit
56			- limiting card index for auto-loading (1-8)
57			- Default: 1
58			- For auto-loading more than one card, specify this
59			  option together with snd-card-X aliases.
60	    slots	- Reserve the slot index for the given driver.
61			  This option takes multiple strings.		
62			  See "Module Autoloading Support" section for details.
63	  
64	  Module snd-pcm-oss
65	  ------------------
66	
67	    The PCM OSS emulation module.
68	    This module takes options which change the mapping of devices.
69	
70	    dsp_map	- PCM device number maps assigned to the 1st OSS device.
71			- Default: 0
72	    adsp_map	- PCM device number maps assigned to the 2st OSS device.
73			- Default: 1
74	    nonblock_open
75			- Don't block opening busy PCM devices.  Default: 1
76	
77	    For example, when dsp_map=2, /dev/dsp will be mapped to PCM #2 of
78	    the card #0.  Similarly, when adsp_map=0, /dev/adsp will be mapped
79	    to PCM #0 of the card #0.
80	    For changing the second or later card, specify the option with
81	    commas, such like "dsp_map=0,1".
82	
83	    nonblock_open option is used to change the behavior of the PCM
84	    regarding opening the device.  When this option is non-zero,
85	    opening a busy OSS PCM device won't be blocked but return
86	    immediately with EAGAIN (just like O_NONBLOCK flag).
87	    
88	  Module snd-rawmidi
89	  ------------------
90	
91	    This module takes options which change the mapping of devices.
92	    similar to those of the snd-pcm-oss module.
93	
94	    midi_map	- MIDI device number maps assigned to the 1st OSS device.
95			- Default: 0
96	    amidi_map	- MIDI device number maps assigned to the 2st OSS device.
97			- Default: 1
98	
99	  Common parameters for top sound card modules
100	  --------------------------------------------
101	
102	    Each of top level sound card module takes the following options.
103	
104	    index	- index (slot #) of sound card
105			- Values: 0 through 31 or negative
106			- If nonnegative, assign that index number
107	                - if negative, interpret as a bitmask of permissible
108			  indices; the first free permitted index is assigned
109			- Default: -1
110	    id		- card ID (identifier or name)
111			- Can be up to 15 characters long
112			- Default: the card type
113			- A directory by this name is created under /proc/asound/
114			  containing information about the card
115			- This ID can be used instead of the index number in
116			  identifying the card
117	    enable  	- enable card
118			- Default: enabled, for PCI and ISA PnP cards
119	
120	  Module snd-adlib
121	  ----------------
122	
123	    Module for AdLib FM cards.
124	
125	    port	- port # for OPL chip
126	
127	    This module supports multiple cards. It does not support autoprobe, so
128	    the port must be specified. For actual AdLib FM cards it will be 0x388.
129	    Note that this card does not have PCM support and no mixer; only FM
130	    synthesis.
131	
132	    Make sure you have "sbiload" from the alsa-tools package available and,
133	    after loading the module, find out the assigned ALSA sequencer port
134	    number through "sbiload -l". Example output:
135	
136	      Port     Client name                       Port name
137	      64:0     OPL2 FM synth                     OPL2 FM Port
138	
139	    Load the std.sb and drums.sb patches also supplied by sbiload:
140	
141	      sbiload -p 64:0 std.sb drums.sb
142	
143	    If you use this driver to drive an OPL3, you can use std.o3 and drums.o3
144	    instead. To have the card produce sound, use aplaymidi from alsa-utils:
145	
146	      aplaymidi -p 64:0 foo.mid
147	
148	  Module snd-ad1816a
149	  ------------------
150	
151	    Module for sound cards based on Analog Devices AD1816A/AD1815 ISA chips.
152	
153	    clockfreq   - Clock frequency for AD1816A chip (default = 0, 33000Hz)
154	    
155	    This module supports multiple cards, autoprobe and PnP.
156	    
157	  Module snd-ad1848
158	  -----------------
159	
160	    Module for sound cards based on AD1848/AD1847/CS4248 ISA chips.
161	
162	    port	- port # for AD1848 chip
163	    irq		- IRQ # for AD1848  chip
164	    dma1	- DMA # for AD1848 chip (0,1,3)
165	    
166	    This module supports multiple cards.  It does not support autoprobe
167	    thus main port must be specified!!! Other ports are optional.
168	    
169	    The power-management is supported.
170	
171	  Module snd-ad1889
172	  -----------------
173	
174	    Module for Analog Devices AD1889 chips.
175	
176	    ac97_quirk  - AC'97 workaround for strange hardware
177	                  See the description of intel8x0 module for details.
178	
179	    This module supports multiple cards.
180	
181	  Module snd-ali5451
182	  ------------------
183	
184	    Module for ALi M5451 PCI chip.
185	
186	    pcm_channels    - Number of hardware channels assigned for PCM
187	    spdif           - Support SPDIF I/O
188	    		    - Default: disabled
189	
190	    This module supports one chip and autoprobe.
191	
192	    The power-management is supported.
193	
194	  Module snd-als100
195	  -----------------
196	
197	    Module for sound cards based on Avance Logic ALS100/ALS120 ISA chips.
198	
199	    This module supports multiple cards, autoprobe and PnP.
200	
201	    The power-management is supported.
202	
203	  Module snd-als300
204	  -----------------
205	
206	    Module for  Avance Logic ALS300 and ALS300+
207	
208	    This module supports multiple cards.
209	
210	    The power-management is supported.
211	
212	  Module snd-als4000
213	  ------------------
214	
215	    Module for sound cards based on Avance Logic ALS4000 PCI chip.
216	
217	    joystick_port - port # for legacy joystick support.
218	                    0 = disabled (default), 1 = auto-detect
219	    
220	    This module supports multiple cards, autoprobe and PnP.
221	
222	    The power-management is supported.
223	
224	  Module snd-atiixp
225	  -----------------
226	
227	    Module for ATI IXP 150/200/250/400 AC97 controllers.
228	
229	    ac97_clock		- AC'97 clock (default = 48000)
230	    ac97_quirk		- AC'97 workaround for strange hardware
231				  See "AC97 Quirk Option" section below.
232	    ac97_codec		- Workaround to specify which AC'97 codec 
233				  instead of probing.  If this works for you
234				  file a bug with your `lspci -vn` output.
235				  -2  -- Force probing.
236				  -1  -- Default behavior.
237				  0-2 -- Use the specified codec.
238	    spdif_aclink	- S/PDIF transfer over AC-link (default = 1)
239	
240	    This module supports one card and autoprobe.
241	
242	    ATI IXP has two different methods to control SPDIF output.  One is
243	    over AC-link and another is over the "direct" SPDIF output.  The
244	    implementation depends on the motherboard, and you'll need to
245	    choose the correct one via spdif_aclink module option.
246	
247	    The power-management is supported.
248	
249	  Module snd-atiixp-modem
250	  -----------------------
251	
252	    Module for ATI IXP 150/200/250 AC97 modem controllers.
253	
254	    This module supports one card and autoprobe.
255	
256	    Note: The default index value of this module is -2, i.e. the first
257	          slot is excluded.
258	
259	    The power-management is supported.
260	
261	  Module snd-au8810, snd-au8820, snd-au8830
262	  -----------------------------------------
263	
264	    Module for Aureal Vortex, Vortex2 and Advantage device.
265	
266	    pcifix	- Control PCI workarounds
267			  0 = Disable all workarounds
268			  1 = Force the PCI latency of the Aureal card to 0xff
269			  2 = Force the Extend PCI#2 Internal Master for Efficient
270			      Handling of Dummy Requests on the VIA KT133 AGP Bridge
271			  3 = Force both settings
272			  255 = Autodetect what is required (default)
273	
274	    This module supports all ADB PCM channels, ac97 mixer, SPDIF, hardware
275	    EQ, mpu401, gameport. A3D and wavetable support are still in development.
276	    Development and reverse engineering work is being coordinated at
277	    http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/openvortex/
278	    SPDIF output has a copy of the AC97 codec output, unless you use the
279	    "spdif" pcm device, which allows raw data passthru.
280	    The hardware EQ hardware and SPDIF is only present in the Vortex2 and 
281	    Advantage.
282	
283	    Note: Some ALSA mixer applications don't handle the SPDIF sample rate 
284	           control correctly. If you have problems regarding this, try
285	           another ALSA compliant mixer (alsamixer works).
286	
287	  Module snd-aw2
288	  --------------
289	
290	    Module for Audiowerk2 sound card
291	
292	    This module supports multiple cards.
293	
294	  Module snd-azt2320
295	  ------------------
296	
297	    Module for sound cards based on Aztech System AZT2320 ISA chip (PnP only).
298	
299	    This module supports multiple cards, PnP and autoprobe.
300	    
301	    The power-management is supported.
302	
303	  Module snd-azt3328
304	  ------------------
305	
306	    Module for sound cards based on Aztech AZF3328 PCI chip.
307	
308	    joystick	- Enable joystick (default off)
309	
310	    This module supports multiple cards.
311	
312	  Module snd-bt87x
313	  ----------------
314	
315	    Module for video cards based on Bt87x chips.
316	
317	    digital_rate - Override the default digital rate (Hz)
318	    load_all	- Load the driver even if the card model isn't known
319	
320	    This module supports multiple cards.
321	
322	    Note: The default index value of this module is -2, i.e. the first
323	          slot is excluded.
324	
325	  Module snd-ca0106
326	  -----------------
327	
328	    Module for Creative Audigy LS and SB Live 24bit
329	
330	    This module supports multiple cards.
331	
332	
333	  Module snd-cmi8330
334	  ------------------
335	
336	    Module for sound cards based on C-Media CMI8330 ISA chips.
337	
338	    isapnp	- ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default)
339	
340	    with isapnp=0, the following options are available:
341	
342	    wssport	- port # for CMI8330 chip (WSS)
343	    wssirq	- IRQ # for CMI8330 chip (WSS)
344	    wssdma	- first DMA # for CMI8330 chip (WSS)
345	    sbport	- port # for CMI8330 chip (SB16)
346	    sbirq	- IRQ # for CMI8330 chip (SB16)
347	    sbdma8	- 8bit DMA # for CMI8330 chip (SB16)
348	    sbdma16	- 16bit DMA # for CMI8330 chip (SB16)
349	    fmport	- (optional) OPL3 I/O port
350	    mpuport	- (optional) MPU401 I/O port
351	    mpuirq	- (optional) MPU401 irq #
352	
353	    This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe.
354	
355	    The power-management is supported.
356	
357	  Module snd-cmipci
358	  -----------------
359	
360	    Module for C-Media CMI8338/8738/8768/8770 PCI sound cards.
361	
362	    mpu_port    - port address of MIDI interface (8338 only):
363			  0x300,0x310,0x320,0x330 = legacy port,
364			  0 = disable (default)
365	    fm_port     - port address of OPL-3 FM synthesizer (8x38 only):
366			  0x388 = legacy port,
367			  1 = integrated PCI port (default on 8738),
368			  0 = disable
369	    soft_ac3    - Software-conversion of raw SPDIF packets (model 033 only)
370	                  (default = 1)
371	    joystick_port - Joystick port address (0 = disable, 1 = auto-detect)
372	
373	    This module supports autoprobe and multiple cards.
374	    
375	    The power-management is supported.
376	
377	  Module snd-cs4231
378	  -----------------
379	
380	    Module for sound cards based on CS4231 ISA chips.
381	
382	    port	- port # for CS4231 chip
383	    mpu_port	- port # for MPU-401 UART (optional), -1 = disable
384	    irq		- IRQ # for CS4231 chip
385	    mpu_irq	- IRQ # for MPU-401 UART
386	    dma1	- first DMA # for CS4231 chip
387	    dma2	- second DMA # for CS4231 chip
388	    
389	    This module supports multiple cards. This module does not support autoprobe
390	    thus main port must be specified!!! Other ports are optional.
391	
392	    The power-management is supported.
393	    
394	  Module snd-cs4236
395	  -----------------
396	
397	    Module for sound cards based on CS4232/CS4232A,
398	    	       	     	   	   CS4235/CS4236/CS4236B/CS4237B/
399	                                   CS4238B/CS4239 ISA chips.
400	
401	    isapnp	- ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default)
402	
403	    with isapnp=0, the following options are available:
404	
405	    port	- port # for CS4236 chip (PnP setup - 0x534)
406	    cport	- control port # for CS4236 chip (PnP setup - 0x120,0x210,0xf00)
407	    mpu_port	- port # for MPU-401 UART (PnP setup - 0x300), -1 = disable
408	    fm_port	- FM port # for CS4236 chip (PnP setup - 0x388), -1 = disable
409	    irq		- IRQ # for CS4236 chip (5,7,9,11,12,15)
410	    mpu_irq	- IRQ # for MPU-401 UART (9,11,12,15)
411	    dma1	- first DMA # for CS4236 chip (0,1,3)
412	    dma2	- second DMA # for CS4236 chip (0,1,3), -1 = disable
413	    
414	    This module supports multiple cards. This module does not support autoprobe
415	    (if ISA PnP is not used) thus main port and control port must be
416	    specified!!! Other ports are optional.
417	
418	    The power-management is supported.
419	
420	    This module is aliased as snd-cs4232 since it provides the old
421	    snd-cs4232 functionality, too.
422	
423	  Module snd-cs4281
424	  -----------------
425	
426	    Module for Cirrus Logic CS4281 soundchip.
427	
428	    dual_codec	- Secondary codec ID (0 = disable, default)
429	
430	    This module supports multiple cards.
431	
432	    The power-management is supported.
433	
434	  Module snd-cs46xx
435	  -----------------
436	
437	    Module for PCI sound cards based on CS4610/CS4612/CS4614/CS4615/CS4622/
438					       CS4624/CS4630/CS4280 PCI chips.
439	
440	    external_amp     - Force to enable external amplifier.
441	    thinkpad         - Force to enable Thinkpad's CLKRUN control.
442	    mmap_valid       - Support OSS mmap mode (default = 0).
443	
444	    This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe.
445	    Usually external amp and CLKRUN controls are detected automatically
446	    from PCI sub vendor/device ids.  If they don't work, give the options
447	    above explicitly.
448	
449	    The power-management is supported.
450	
451	  Module snd-cs5530
452	  _________________
453	
454	    Module for Cyrix/NatSemi Geode 5530 chip. 
455	  
456	  Module snd-cs5535audio
457	  ----------------------
458	
459	    Module for multifunction CS5535 companion PCI device
460	
461	    The power-management is supported.
462	
463	  Module snd-darla20
464	  ------------------
465	
466	    Module for Echoaudio Darla20
467	
468	    This module supports multiple cards.
469	    The driver requires the firmware loader support on kernel.
470	
471	  Module snd-darla24
472	  ------------------
473	
474	    Module for Echoaudio Darla24
475	
476	    This module supports multiple cards.
477	    The driver requires the firmware loader support on kernel.
478	
479	  Module snd-dt019x
480	  -----------------
481	
482	    Module for Diamond Technologies DT-019X / Avance Logic ALS-007 (PnP
483	    only)
484	
485	    This module supports multiple cards.  This module is enabled only with
486	    ISA PnP support.
487	
488	    The power-management is supported.
489	
490	  Module snd-dummy
491	  ----------------
492	
493	    Module for the dummy sound card. This "card" doesn't do any output
494	    or input, but you may use this module for any application which
495	    requires a sound card (like RealPlayer).
496	
497	    The power-management is supported.
498	
499	  Module snd-echo3g
500	  -----------------
501	
502	    Module for Echoaudio 3G cards (Gina3G/Layla3G)
503	
504	    This module supports multiple cards.
505	    The driver requires the firmware loader support on kernel.
506	
507	  Module snd-emu10k1
508	  ------------------
509	
510	    Module for EMU10K1/EMU10k2 based PCI sound cards.
511				* Sound Blaster Live!
512				* Sound Blaster PCI 512
513				* Emu APS (partially supported)
514				* Sound Blaster Audigy
515	
516	    extin   - bitmap of available external inputs for FX8010 (see bellow)
517	    extout  - bitmap of available external outputs for FX8010 (see bellow)
518	    seq_ports - allocated sequencer ports (4 by default)
519	    max_synth_voices - limit of voices used for wavetable (64 by default)
520	    max_buffer_size  - specifies the maximum size of wavetable/pcm buffers
521	                       given in MB unit.  Default value is 128.
522	    enable_ir - enable IR
523	
524	    This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe.
525	
526	    Input & Output configurations 			[extin/extout]
527		* Creative Card wo/Digital out			[0x0003/0x1f03]
528		* Creative Card w/Digital out			[0x0003/0x1f0f]
529		* Creative Card w/Digital CD in			[0x000f/0x1f0f]
530		* Creative Card wo/Digital out + LiveDrive	[0x3fc3/0x1fc3]
531		* Creative Card w/Digital out + LiveDrive	[0x3fc3/0x1fcf]
532		* Creative Card w/Digital CD in + LiveDrive	[0x3fcf/0x1fcf]
533		* Creative Card wo/Digital out + Digital I/O 2  [0x0fc3/0x1f0f]
534		* Creative Card w/Digital out + Digital I/O 2	[0x0fc3/0x1f0f]
535		* Creative Card w/Digital CD in + Digital I/O 2	[0x0fcf/0x1f0f]
536	        * Creative Card 5.1/w Digital out + LiveDrive	[0x3fc3/0x1fff]
537		* Creative Card 5.1 (c) 2003			[0x3fc3/0x7cff]
538	        * Creative Card all ins and outs		[0x3fff/0x7fff]
539	    
540	    The power-management is supported.
541	
542	  Module snd-emu10k1x
543	  -------------------
544	
545	    Module for Creative Emu10k1X (SB Live Dell OEM version)
546	
547	    This module supports multiple cards.
548	
549	  Module snd-ens1370
550	  ------------------
551	
552	    Module for Ensoniq AudioPCI ES1370 PCI sound cards.
553				* SoundBlaster PCI 64
554				* SoundBlaster PCI 128
555	
556	    joystick		- Enable joystick (default off)
557	
558	    This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe.
559	    
560	    The power-management is supported.
561	
562	  Module snd-ens1371
563	  ------------------
564	
565	    Module for Ensoniq AudioPCI ES1371 PCI sound cards.
566				* SoundBlaster PCI 64
567				* SoundBlaster PCI 128
568				* SoundBlaster Vibra PCI
569	
570	    joystick_port	- port # for joystick (0x200,0x208,0x210,0x218),
571				  0 = disable (default), 1 = auto-detect
572	
573	    This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe.
574	    
575	    The power-management is supported.
576	
577	  Module snd-es968
578	  ----------------
579	
580	    Module for sound cards based on ESS ES968 chip (PnP only).
581	
582	    This module supports multiple cards, PnP and autoprobe.
583	    
584	    The power-management is supported.
585	
586	  Module snd-es1688
587	  -----------------
588	
589	    Module for ESS AudioDrive ES-1688 and ES-688 sound cards.
590	
591	    port	- port # for ES-1688 chip (0x220,0x240,0x260)
592	    fm_port	- port # for OPL3 (option; share the same port as default)
593	    mpu_port	- port # for MPU-401 port (0x300,0x310,0x320,0x330), -1 = disable (default)
594	    irq		- IRQ # for ES-1688 chip (5,7,9,10)
595	    mpu_irq	- IRQ # for MPU-401 port (5,7,9,10)
596	    dma8	- DMA # for ES-1688 chip (0,1,3)
597	
598	    This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe (without MPU-401 port).
599	
600	  Module snd-es18xx
601	  -----------------
602	
603	    Module for ESS AudioDrive ES-18xx sound cards.
604	
605	    isapnp	- ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default)
606	
607	    with isapnp=0, the following options are available:
608	
609	    port	- port # for ES-18xx chip (0x220,0x240,0x260)
610	    mpu_port	- port # for MPU-401 port (0x300,0x310,0x320,0x330), -1 = disable (default)
611	    fm_port	- port # for FM (optional, not used)
612	    irq		- IRQ # for ES-18xx chip (5,7,9,10)
613	    dma1	- first DMA # for ES-18xx chip (0,1,3)
614	    dma2	- first DMA # for ES-18xx chip (0,1,3)
615	
616	    This module supports multiple cards, ISA PnP and autoprobe (without MPU-401
617	    port if native ISA PnP routines are not used).
618	    When dma2 is equal with dma1, the driver works as half-duplex.
619	
620	    The power-management is supported.
621	
622	  Module snd-es1938
623	  -----------------
624	
625	    Module for sound cards based on ESS Solo-1 (ES1938,ES1946) chips.
626	
627	    This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe.
628	
629	    The power-management is supported.
630	
631	  Module snd-es1968
632	  -----------------
633	
634	    Module for sound cards based on ESS Maestro-1/2/2E (ES1968/ES1978) chips.
635	
636	    total_bufsize	- total buffer size in kB (1-4096kB)
637	    pcm_substreams_p	- playback channels (1-8, default=2)
638	    pcm_substreams_c	- capture channels (1-8, default=0)
639	    clock		- clock (0 = auto-detection)
640	    use_pm		- support the power-management (0 = off, 1 = on,
641				  2 = auto (default))
642	    enable_mpu		- enable MPU401 (0 = off, 1 = on, 2 = auto (default))
643	    joystick		- enable joystick (default off)       
644	
645	    This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe.
646	
647	    The power-management is supported.
648	
649	  Module snd-fm801
650	  ----------------
651	
652	    Module for ForteMedia FM801 based PCI sound cards.
653	
654	    tea575x_tuner       - Enable TEA575x tuner
655	                          - 1 = MediaForte 256-PCS
656	                          - 2 = MediaForte 256-PCPR
657	                          - 3 = MediaForte 64-PCR  
658	                          - High 16-bits are video (radio) device number + 1
659	                          - example: 0x10002 (MediaForte 256-PCPR, device 1)
660	
661	    This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe.
662	    
663	    The power-management is supported.
664	
665	  Module snd-gina20
666	  -----------------
667	
668	    Module for Echoaudio Gina20
669	
670	    This module supports multiple cards.
671	    The driver requires the firmware loader support on kernel.
672	
673	  Module snd-gina24
674	  -----------------
675	
676	    Module for Echoaudio Gina24
677	
678	    This module supports multiple cards.
679	    The driver requires the firmware loader support on kernel.
680	
681	  Module snd-gusclassic
682	  ---------------------
683	
684	    Module for Gravis UltraSound Classic sound card.
685	
686	    port	- port # for GF1 chip (0x220,0x230,0x240,0x250,0x260)
687	    irq		- IRQ # for GF1 chip (3,5,9,11,12,15)
688	    dma1	- DMA # for GF1 chip (1,3,5,6,7)
689	    dma2	- DMA # for GF1 chip (1,3,5,6,7,-1=disable)
690	    joystick_dac - 0 to 31, (0.59V-4.52V or 0.389V-2.98V)
691	    voices	- GF1 voices limit (14-32)
692	    pcm_voices	- reserved PCM voices
693	
694	    This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe.
695	
696	  Module snd-gusextreme
697	  ---------------------
698	
699	    Module for Gravis UltraSound Extreme (Synergy ViperMax) sound card.
700	
701	    port	- port # for ES-1688 chip (0x220,0x230,0x240,0x250,0x260)
702	    gf1_port	- port # for GF1 chip (0x210,0x220,0x230,0x240,0x250,0x260,0x270)
703	    mpu_port	- port # for MPU-401 port (0x300,0x310,0x320,0x330), -1 = disable
704	    irq		- IRQ # for ES-1688 chip (5,7,9,10)
705	    gf1_irq	- IRQ # for GF1 chip (3,5,9,11,12,15)
706	    mpu_irq	- IRQ # for MPU-401 port (5,7,9,10)
707	    dma8	- DMA # for ES-1688 chip (0,1,3)
708	    dma1	- DMA # for GF1 chip (1,3,5,6,7)
709	    joystick_dac - 0 to 31, (0.59V-4.52V or 0.389V-2.98V)
710	    voices	- GF1 voices limit (14-32)
711	    pcm_voices	- reserved PCM voices
712	
713	    This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe (without MPU-401 port).
714	
715	  Module snd-gusmax
716	  -----------------
717	
718	    Module for Gravis UltraSound MAX sound card.
719	
720	    port	- port # for GF1 chip (0x220,0x230,0x240,0x250,0x260)
721	    irq		- IRQ # for GF1 chip (3,5,9,11,12,15)
722	    dma1	- DMA # for GF1 chip (1,3,5,6,7)
723	    dma2	- DMA # for GF1 chip (1,3,5,6,7,-1=disable)
724	    joystick_dac - 0 to 31, (0.59V-4.52V or 0.389V-2.98V)
725	    voices	- GF1 voices limit (14-32)
726	    pcm_voices	- reserved PCM voices
727	
728	    This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe.
729	    
730	  Module snd-hda-intel
731	  --------------------
732	
733	    Module for Intel HD Audio (ICH6, ICH6M, ESB2, ICH7, ICH8, ICH9, ICH10,
734				PCH, SCH),
735			ATI SB450, SB600, R600, RS600, RS690, RS780, RV610, RV620,
736				RV630, RV635, RV670, RV770,
737			VIA VT8251/VT8237A,
738			SIS966, ULI M5461
739	
740	    [Multiple options for each card instance]
741	    model	- force the model name
742	    position_fix - Fix DMA pointer (0 = auto, 1 = use LPIB, 2 = POSBUF)
743	    probe_mask  - Bitmask to probe codecs (default = -1, meaning all slots)
744	    		  When the bit 8 (0x100) is set, the lower 8 bits are used
745			  as the "fixed" codec slots; i.e. the driver probes the
746			  slots regardless what hardware reports back
747	    probe_only	- Only probing and no codec initialization (default=off);
748			  Useful to check the initial codec status for debugging
749	    bdl_pos_adj	- Specifies the DMA IRQ timing delay in samples.
750			Passing -1 will make the driver to choose the appropriate
751			value based on the controller chip.
752	    
753	    [Single (global) options]
754	    single_cmd  - Use single immediate commands to communicate with
755			codecs (for debugging only)
756	    enable_msi	- Enable Message Signaled Interrupt (MSI) (default = off)
757	    power_save	- Automatic power-saving timtout (in second, 0 =
758			disable)
759	    power_save_controller - Reset HD-audio controller in power-saving mode
760			(default = on)
761	
762	    This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe.
763	    
764	    See Documentation/sound/alsa/HD-Audio.txt for more details about
765	    HD-audio driver.
766	
767	    Each codec may have a model table for different configurations.
768	    If your machine isn't listed there, the default (usually minimal)
769	    configuration is set up.  You can pass "model=<name>" option to
770	    specify a certain model in such a case.  There are different
771	    models depending on the codec chip.  The list of available models
772	    is found in HD-Audio-Models.txt
773	
774	    The model name "genric" is treated as a special case.  When this
775	    model is given, the driver uses the generic codec parser without
776	    "codec-patch".  It's sometimes good for testing and debugging.
777	
778	    If the default configuration doesn't work and one of the above
779	    matches with your device, report it together with alsa-info.sh
780	    output (with --no-upload option) to kernel bugzilla or alsa-devel
781	    ML (see the section "Links and Addresses").
782	
783	    power_save and power_save_controller options are for power-saving
784	    mode.  See powersave.txt for details.
785	
786	    Note 2: If you get click noises on output, try the module option
787		    position_fix=1 or 2.  position_fix=1 will use the SD_LPIB
788		    register value without FIFO size correction as the current
789		    DMA pointer.  position_fix=2 will make the driver to use
790		    the position buffer instead of reading SD_LPIB register.
791		    (Usually SD_LPIB register is more accurate than the
792		    position buffer.)
793	
794	    NB: If you get many "azx_get_response timeout" messages at
795	    loading, it's likely a problem of interrupts (e.g. ACPI irq
796	    routing).  Try to boot with options like "pci=noacpi".  Also, you
797	    can try "single_cmd=1" module option.  This will switch the
798	    communication method between HDA controller and codecs to the
799	    single immediate commands instead of CORB/RIRB.  Basically, the
800	    single command mode is provided only for BIOS, and you won't get
801	    unsolicited events, too.  But, at least, this works independently
802	    from the irq.  Remember this is a last resort, and should be
803	    avoided as much as possible...
804	    
805	    MORE NOTES ON "azx_get_response timeout" PROBLEMS:
806	    On some hardwares, you may need to add a proper probe_mask option
807	    to avoid the "azx_get_response timeout" problem above, instead.
808	    This occurs when the access to non-existing or non-working codec slot
809	    (likely a modem one) causes a stall of the communication via HD-audio
810	    bus.  You can see which codec slots are probed by enabling
811	    CONFIG_SND_DEBUG_VERBOSE, or simply from the file name of the codec
812	    proc files.  Then limit the slots to probe by probe_mask option.
813	    For example, probe_mask=1 means to probe only the first slot, and
814	    probe_mask=4 means only the third slot.
815	
816	    The power-management is supported.
817	
818	  Module snd-hdsp
819	  ---------------
820	
821	    Module for RME Hammerfall DSP audio interface(s)
822	
823	    This module supports multiple cards.
824	
825	    Note: The firmware data can be automatically loaded via hotplug
826	          when CONFIG_FW_LOADER is set.  Otherwise, you need to load
827	          the firmware via hdsploader utility included in alsa-tools
828	          package.
829	          The firmware data is found in alsa-firmware package.
830	
831	    Note: snd-page-alloc module does the job which snd-hammerfall-mem
832	          module did formerly.  It will allocate the buffers in advance
833	          when any HDSP cards are found.  To make the buffer
834	          allocation sure, load snd-page-alloc module in the early
835	          stage of boot sequence.  See "Early Buffer Allocation"
836		  section.
837	
838	  Module snd-hdspm
839	  ----------------
840	
841	    Module for RME HDSP MADI board.
842	
843	    precise_ptr		- Enable precise pointer, or disable.
844	    line_outs_monitor	- Send playback streams to analog outs by default.
845	    enable_monitor	- Enable Analog Out on Channel 63/64 by default.
846	
847	    See hdspm.txt for details.
848	
849	  Module snd-hifier
850	  -----------------
851	
852	    Module for the MediaTek/TempoTec HiFier Fantasia sound card.
853	
854	    This module supports autoprobe and multiple cards.
855	
856	  Module snd-ice1712
857	  ------------------
858	
859	    Module for Envy24 (ICE1712) based PCI sound cards.
860				* MidiMan M Audio Delta 1010
861				* MidiMan M Audio Delta 1010LT
862				* MidiMan M Audio Delta DiO 2496
863				* MidiMan M Audio Delta 66
864				* MidiMan M Audio Delta 44
865				* MidiMan M Audio Delta 410
866				* MidiMan M Audio Audiophile 2496
867	                        * TerraTec EWS 88MT
868	                        * TerraTec EWS 88D
869	                        * TerraTec EWX 24/96
870	                        * TerraTec DMX 6Fire
871				* TerraTec Phase 88
872	                        * Hoontech SoundTrack DSP 24
873	                        * Hoontech SoundTrack DSP 24 Value
874	                        * Hoontech SoundTrack DSP 24 Media 7.1
875				* Event Electronics, EZ8
876	                        * Digigram VX442
877				* Lionstracs, Mediastaton
878				* Terrasoniq TS 88
879	
880	    model       - Use the given board model, one of the following:
881			  delta1010, dio2496, delta66, delta44, audiophile, delta410,
882			  delta1010lt, vx442, ewx2496, ews88mt, ews88mt_new, ews88d,
883			  dmx6fire, dsp24, dsp24_value, dsp24_71, ez8,
884			  phase88, mediastation
885	    omni	- Omni I/O support for MidiMan M-Audio Delta44/66
886	    cs8427_timeout - reset timeout for the CS8427 chip (S/PDIF transceiver)
887	                     in msec resolution, default value is 500 (0.5 sec)
888	
889	    This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe. Note: The consumer part
890	    is not used with all Envy24 based cards (for example in the MidiMan Delta
891	    serie).
892	
893	    Note: The supported board is detected by reading EEPROM or PCI
894		  SSID (if EEPROM isn't available).  You can override the
895		  model by passing "model" module option in case that the
896		  driver isn't configured properly or you want to try another
897		  type for testing.
898	
899	  Module snd-ice1724
900	  ------------------
901	
902	    Module for Envy24HT (VT/ICE1724), Envy24PT (VT1720) based PCI sound cards.
903				* MidiMan M Audio Revolution 5.1
904				* MidiMan M Audio Revolution 7.1
905				* MidiMan M Audio Audiophile 192
906				* AMP Ltd AUDIO2000
907				* TerraTec Aureon 5.1 Sky
908				* TerraTec Aureon 7.1 Space
909				* TerraTec Aureon 7.1 Universe
910				* TerraTec Phase 22
911				* TerraTec Phase 28
912				* AudioTrak Prodigy 7.1
913				* AudioTrak Prodigy 7.1 LT
914				* AudioTrak Prodigy 7.1 XT
915				* AudioTrak Prodigy 7.1 HIFI
916				* AudioTrak Prodigy 7.1 HD2
917				* AudioTrak Prodigy 192
918				* Pontis MS300
919				* Albatron K8X800 Pro II 
920				* Chaintech ZNF3-150
921				* Chaintech ZNF3-250
922				* Chaintech 9CJS
923				* Chaintech AV-710
924				* Shuttle SN25P
925				* Onkyo SE-90PCI
926				* Onkyo SE-200PCI
927				* ESI Juli@
928				* Hercules Fortissimo IV
929				* EGO-SYS WaveTerminal 192M
930	
931	    model       - Use the given board model, one of the following:
932			  revo51, revo71, amp2000, prodigy71, prodigy71lt,
933			  prodigy71xt, prodigy71hifi, prodigyhd2, prodigy192,
934			  juli, aureon51, aureon71, universe, ap192, k8x800,
935			  phase22, phase28, ms300, av710, se200pci, se90pci,
936			  fortissimo4, sn25p, WT192M
937	
938	    This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe.
939	
940	    Note: The supported board is detected by reading EEPROM or PCI
941		  SSID (if EEPROM isn't available).  You can override the
942		  model by passing "model" module option in case that the
943		  driver isn't configured properly or you want to try another
944		  type for testing.
945	
946	  Module snd-indigo
947	  -----------------
948	
949	    Module for Echoaudio Indigo
950	
951	    This module supports multiple cards.
952	    The driver requires the firmware loader support on kernel.
953	
954	  Module snd-indigodj
955	  -------------------
956	
957	    Module for Echoaudio Indigo DJ
958	
959	    This module supports multiple cards.
960	    The driver requires the firmware loader support on kernel.
961	
962	  Module snd-indigoio
963	  -------------------
964	
965	    Module for Echoaudio Indigo IO
966	
967	    This module supports multiple cards.
968	    The driver requires the firmware loader support on kernel.
969	
970	  Module snd-intel8x0
971	  -------------------
972	
973	    Module for AC'97 motherboards from Intel and compatibles.
974				* Intel i810/810E, i815, i820, i830, i84x, MX440
975					ICH5, ICH6, ICH7, 6300ESB, ESB2
976				* SiS 7012 (SiS 735)
977				* NVidia NForce, NForce2, NForce3, MCP04, CK804
978					 CK8, CK8S, MCP501
979				* AMD AMD768, AMD8111
980				* ALi m5455
981	
982	    ac97_clock	  - AC'97 codec clock base (0 = auto-detect)
983	    ac97_quirk    - AC'97 workaround for strange hardware
984			    See "AC97 Quirk Option" section below.
985	    buggy_irq     - Enable workaround for buggy interrupts on some
986	                    motherboards (default yes on nForce chips,
987			    otherwise off)
988	    buggy_semaphore - Enable workaround for hardwares with buggy
989			    semaphores (e.g. on some ASUS laptops)
990			    (default off)
991	    spdif_aclink  - Use S/PDIF over AC-link instead of direct connection
992			    from the controller chip
993			    (0 = off, 1 = on, -1 = default)
994	
995	    This module supports one chip and autoprobe.
996	
997	    Note: the latest driver supports auto-detection of chip clock.
998	    if you still encounter too fast playback, specify the clock
999	    explicitly via the module option "ac97_clock=41194".
1000	
1001	    Joystick/MIDI ports are not supported by this driver.  If your
1002	    motherboard has these devices, use the ns558 or snd-mpu401
1003	    modules, respectively.
1004	
1005	    The power-management is supported.
1006	    
1007	  Module snd-intel8x0m
1008	  --------------------
1009	
1010	    Module for Intel ICH (i8x0) chipset MC97 modems.
1011				* Intel i810/810E, i815, i820, i830, i84x, MX440
1012					ICH5, ICH6, ICH7
1013				* SiS 7013 (SiS 735)
1014				* NVidia NForce, NForce2, NForce2s, NForce3
1015				* AMD AMD8111
1016				* ALi m5455
1017	
1018	    ac97_clock	  - AC'97 codec clock base (0 = auto-detect)
1019	
1020	    This module supports one card and autoprobe.
1021	
1022	    Note: The default index value of this module is -2, i.e. the first
1023	          slot is excluded.
1024	
1025	    The power-management is supported.
1026	
1027	  Module snd-interwave
1028	  --------------------
1029	
1030	    Module for Gravis UltraSound PnP, Dynasonic 3-D/Pro, STB Sound Rage 32
1031	    and other sound cards based on AMD InterWave (tm) chip.
1032	  
1033	    joystick_dac - 0 to 31, (0.59V-4.52V or 0.389V-2.98V)
1034	    midi	- 1 = MIDI UART enable, 0 = MIDI UART disable (default)
1035	    pcm_voices	- reserved PCM voices for the synthesizer (default 2)
1036	    effect	- 1 = InterWave effects enable (default 0);
1037	                  requires 8 voices
1038	    isapnp	- ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default)
1039	
1040	    with isapnp=0, the following options are available:
1041	
1042	    port	- port # for InterWave chip (0x210,0x220,0x230,0x240,0x250,0x260)
1043	    irq		- IRQ # for InterWave chip (3,5,9,11,12,15)
1044	    dma1	- DMA # for InterWave chip (0,1,3,5,6,7)
1045	    dma2	- DMA # for InterWave chip (0,1,3,5,6,7,-1=disable)
1046	
1047	    This module supports multiple cards, autoprobe and ISA PnP.
1048	
1049	  Module snd-interwave-stb
1050	  ------------------------
1051	
1052	    Module for UltraSound 32-Pro (sound card from STB used by Compaq)
1053	    and other sound cards based on AMD InterWave (tm) chip with TEA6330T
1054	    circuit for extended control of bass, treble and master volume.
1055	  
1056	    joystick_dac - 0 to 31, (0.59V-4.52V or 0.389V-2.98V)
1057	    midi	- 1 = MIDI UART enable, 0 = MIDI UART disable (default)
1058	    pcm_voices	- reserved PCM voices for the synthesizer (default 2)
1059	    effect	- 1 = InterWave effects enable (default 0);
1060	                  requires 8 voices
1061	    isapnp	- ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default)
1062	
1063	    with isapnp=0, the following options are available:
1064	
1065	    port	- port # for InterWave chip (0x210,0x220,0x230,0x240,0x250,0x260)
1066	    port_tc	- tone control (i2c bus) port # for TEA6330T chip (0x350,0x360,0x370,0x380)
1067	    irq		- IRQ # for InterWave chip (3,5,9,11,12,15)
1068	    dma1	- DMA # for InterWave chip (0,1,3,5,6,7)
1069	    dma2	- DMA # for InterWave chip (0,1,3,5,6,7,-1=disable)
1070	
1071	    This module supports multiple cards, autoprobe and ISA PnP.
1072	
1073	  Module snd-korg1212
1074	  -------------------
1075	
1076	    Module for Korg 1212 IO PCI card
1077	
1078	    This module supports multiple cards.
1079	
1080	  Module snd-layla20
1081	  ------------------
1082	
1083	    Module for Echoaudio Layla20
1084	
1085	    This module supports multiple cards.
1086	    The driver requires the firmware loader support on kernel.
1087	
1088	  Module snd-layla24
1089	  ------------------
1090	
1091	    Module for Echoaudio Layla24
1092	
1093	    This module supports multiple cards.
1094	    The driver requires the firmware loader support on kernel.
1095	
1096	  Module snd-maestro3
1097	  -------------------
1098	
1099	    Module for Allegro/Maestro3 chips
1100	
1101	    external_amp     - enable external amp (enabled by default)
1102	    amp_gpio         - GPIO pin number for external amp (0-15) or
1103	                       -1 for default pin (8 for allegro, 1 for
1104	                       others) 
1105	
1106	    This module supports autoprobe and multiple chips.
1107	
1108	    Note: the binding of amplifier is dependent on hardware.
1109	    If there is no sound even though all channels are unmuted, try to
1110	    specify other gpio connection via amp_gpio option. 
1111	    For example, a Panasonic notebook might need "amp_gpio=0x0d"
1112	    option.
1113	
1114	    The power-management is supported.
1115	
1116	  Module snd-mia
1117	  ---------------
1118	
1119	    Module for Echoaudio Mia
1120	
1121	    This module supports multiple cards.
1122	    The driver requires the firmware loader support on kernel.
1123	
1124	  Module snd-miro
1125	  ---------------
1126	
1127	    Module for Miro soundcards: miroSOUND PCM 1 pro, 
1128					miroSOUND PCM 12,
1129					miroSOUND PCM 20 Radio.
1130	
1131	    port	- Port # (0x530,0x604,0xe80,0xf40)
1132	    irq		- IRQ # (5,7,9,10,11)
1133	    dma1	- 1st dma # (0,1,3)
1134	    dma2	- 2nd dma # (0,1)
1135	    mpu_port	- MPU-401 port # (0x300,0x310,0x320,0x330)
1136	    mpu_irq	- MPU-401 irq # (5,7,9,10)
1137	    fm_port	- FM Port # (0x388)
1138	    wss		- enable WSS mode
1139	    ide		- enable onboard ide support
1140	
1141	  Module snd-mixart
1142	  -----------------
1143	
1144	    Module for Digigram miXart8 sound cards.
1145	
1146	    This module supports multiple cards.
1147	    Note: One miXart8 board will be represented as 4 alsa cards.
1148	          See MIXART.txt for details.
1149	
1150	    When the driver is compiled as a module and the hotplug firmware
1151	    is supported, the firmware data is loaded via hotplug automatically.
1152	    Install the necessary firmware files in alsa-firmware package.
1153	    When no hotplug fw loader is available, you need to load the
1154	    firmware via mixartloader utility in alsa-tools package.
1155	
1156	  Module snd-mona
1157	  ---------------
1158	
1159	    Module for Echoaudio Mona
1160	
1161	    This module supports multiple cards.
1162	    The driver requires the firmware loader support on kernel.
1163	
1164	  Module snd-mpu401
1165	  -----------------
1166	
1167	    Module for MPU-401 UART devices.
1168	
1169	    port	- port number or -1 (disable)
1170	    irq		- IRQ number or -1 (disable)
1171	    pnp		- PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default)
1172	
1173	    This module supports multiple devices and PnP.
1174	    
1175	  Module snd-msnd-classic
1176	  -----------------------
1177	
1178	    Module for Turtle Beach MultiSound Classic, Tahiti or Monterey
1179	    soundcards.
1180	
1181	    io		- Port # for msnd-classic card
1182	    irq		- IRQ # for msnd-classic card
1183	    mem		- Memory address (0xb0000, 0xc8000, 0xd0000, 0xd8000,
1184			  0xe0000 or 0xe8000)
1185	    write_ndelay - enable write ndelay (default = 1)
1186	    calibrate_signal - calibrate signal (default = 0)
1187	    isapnp	- ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default)
1188	    digital	- Digital daughterboard present (default = 0)
1189	    cfg		- Config port (0x250, 0x260 or 0x270) default = PnP
1190	    reset	- Reset all devices
1191	    mpu_io	- MPU401 I/O port
1192	    mpu_irq	- MPU401 irq#
1193	    ide_io0	- IDE port #0
1194	    ide_io1	- IDE port #1
1195	    ide_irq	- IDE irq#
1196	    joystick_io	- Joystick I/O port
1197	
1198	    The driver requires firmware files "turtlebeach/msndinit.bin" and
1199	    "turtlebeach/msndperm.bin" in the proper firmware directory.
1200	
1201	    See Documentation/sound/oss/MultiSound for important information
1202	    about this driver.  Note that it has been discontinued, but the 
1203	    Voyetra Turtle Beach knowledge base entry for it is still available
1204	    at
1205		http://www.turtlebeach.com/site/kb_ftp/790.asp
1206	
1207	  Module snd-msnd-pinnacle
1208	  ------------------------
1209	
1210	    Module for Turtle Beach MultiSound Pinnacle/Fiji soundcards.
1211	
1212	    io		- Port # for pinnacle/fiji card
1213	    irq		- IRQ # for pinnalce/fiji card
1214	    mem		- Memory address (0xb0000, 0xc8000, 0xd0000, 0xd8000,
1215			  0xe0000 or 0xe8000)
1216	    write_ndelay - enable write ndelay (default = 1)
1217	    calibrate_signal - calibrate signal (default = 0)
1218	    isapnp	- ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default)
1219	
1220	    The driver requires firmware files "turtlebeach/pndspini.bin" and
1221	    "turtlebeach/pndsperm.bin" in the proper firmware directory.
1222	
1223	  Module snd-mtpav
1224	  ----------------
1225	
1226	    Module for MOTU MidiTimePiece AV multiport MIDI (on the parallel
1227	    port).
1228	
1229	    port	- I/O port # for MTPAV (0x378,0x278, default=0x378)
1230	    irq		- IRQ # for MTPAV (7,5, default=7)
1231	    hwports	- number of supported hardware ports, default=8.
1232	    
1233	    Module supports only 1 card.  This module has no enable option.
1234	
1235	  Module snd-mts64
1236	  ----------------
1237	
1238	    Module for Ego Systems (ESI) Miditerminal 4140
1239	
1240	    This module supports multiple devices.
1241	    Requires parport (CONFIG_PARPORT).
1242	
1243	  Module snd-nm256
1244	  ----------------
1245	
1246	    Module for NeoMagic NM256AV/ZX chips
1247	
1248	    playback_bufsize - max playback frame size in kB (4-128kB)
1249	    capture_bufsize  - max capture frame size in kB (4-128kB)
1250	    force_ac97       - 0 or 1 (disabled by default)
1251	    buffer_top       - specify buffer top address
1252	    use_cache        - 0 or 1 (disabled by default)
1253	    vaio_hack        - alias buffer_top=0x25a800
1254	    reset_workaround - enable AC97 RESET workaround for some laptops
1255	    reset_workaround2 - enable extended AC97 RESET workaround for some
1256			      other laptops
1257	
1258	    This module supports one chip and autoprobe.
1259	
1260	    The power-management is supported.
1261	
1262	    Note: on some notebooks the buffer address cannot be detected
1263	    automatically, or causes hang-up during initialization.
1264	    In such a case, specify the buffer top address explicitly via
1265	    the buffer_top option.
1266	    For example,
1267	      Sony F250: buffer_top=0x25a800
1268	      Sony F270: buffer_top=0x272800
1269	    The driver supports only ac97 codec.  It's possible to force
1270	    to initialize/use ac97 although it's not detected.  In such a
1271	    case, use force_ac97=1 option - but *NO* guarantee whether it
1272	    works!
1273	
1274	    Note: The NM256 chip can be linked internally with non-AC97
1275	    codecs.  This driver supports only the AC97 codec, and won't work
1276	    with machines with other (most likely CS423x or OPL3SAx) chips,
1277	    even though the device is detected in lspci.  In such a case, try
1278	    other drivers, e.g. snd-cs4232 or snd-opl3sa2.  Some has ISA-PnP
1279	    but some doesn't have ISA PnP.  You'll need to specify isapnp=0
1280	    and proper hardware parameters in the case without ISA PnP.
1281	
1282	    Note: some laptops need a workaround for AC97 RESET.  For the
1283	    known hardware like Dell Latitude LS and Sony PCG-F305, this
1284	    workaround is enabled automatically.  For other laptops with a
1285	    hard freeze, you can try reset_workaround=1 option.
1286	
1287	    Note: Dell Latitude CSx laptops have another problem regarding
1288	    AC97 RESET.  On these laptops, reset_workaround2 option is
1289	    turned on as default.  This option is worth to try if the
1290	    previous reset_workaround option doesn't help.
1291	
1292	    Note: This driver is really crappy.  It's a porting from the
1293	    OSS driver, which is a result of black-magic reverse engineering.
1294	    The detection of codec will fail if the driver is loaded *after*
1295	    X-server as described above.  You might be able to force to load
1296	    the module, but it may result in hang-up.   Hence, make sure that
1297	    you load this module *before* X if you encounter this kind of
1298	    problem.
1299	
1300	  Module snd-opl3sa2
1301	  ------------------
1302	
1303	    Module for Yamaha OPL3-SA2/SA3 sound cards.
1304	
1305	    isapnp	- ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default)
1306	
1307	    with isapnp=0, the following options are available:
1308	
1309	    port	- control port # for OPL3-SA chip (0x370)
1310	    sb_port	- SB port # for OPL3-SA chip (0x220,0x240)
1311	    wss_port	- WSS port # for OPL3-SA chip (0x530,0xe80,0xf40,0x604)
1312	    midi_port	- port # for MPU-401 UART (0x300,0x330), -1 = disable
1313	    fm_port	- FM port # for OPL3-SA chip (0x388), -1 = disable
1314	    irq		- IRQ # for OPL3-SA chip (5,7,9,10)
1315	    dma1	- first DMA # for Yamaha OPL3-SA chip (0,1,3)
1316	    dma2	- second DMA # for Yamaha OPL3-SA chip (0,1,3), -1 = disable
1317	    
1318	    This module supports multiple cards and ISA PnP.  It does not support
1319	    autoprobe (if ISA PnP is not used) thus all ports must be specified!!!
1320	    
1321	    The power-management is supported.
1322	
1323	  Module snd-opti92x-ad1848
1324	  -------------------------
1325	
1326	    Module for sound cards based on OPTi 82c92x and Analog Devices AD1848 chips.
1327	    Module works with OAK Mozart cards as well.
1328	    
1329	    isapnp    - ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default)
1330	
1331	    with isapnp=0, the following options are available:
1332	
1333	    port      - port # for WSS chip (0x530,0xe80,0xf40,0x604)
1334	    mpu_port  - port # for MPU-401 UART (0x300,0x310,0x320,0x330)
1335	    fm_port   - port # for OPL3 device (0x388)
1336	    irq       - IRQ # for WSS chip (5,7,9,10,11)
1337	    mpu_irq   - IRQ # for MPU-401 UART (5,7,9,10)
1338	    dma1      - first DMA # for WSS chip (0,1,3)
1339	
1340	    This module supports only one card, autoprobe and PnP.
1341	
1342	  Module snd-opti92x-cs4231
1343	  -------------------------
1344	
1345	    Module for sound cards based on OPTi 82c92x and Crystal CS4231 chips.
1346	    
1347	    isapnp    - ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default)
1348	
1349	    with isapnp=0, the following options are available:
1350	
1351	    port      - port # for WSS chip (0x530,0xe80,0xf40,0x604)
1352	    mpu_port  - port # for MPU-401 UART (0x300,0x310,0x320,0x330)
1353	    fm_port   - port # for OPL3 device (0x388)
1354	    irq       - IRQ # for WSS chip (5,7,9,10,11)
1355	    mpu_irq   - IRQ # for MPU-401 UART (5,7,9,10)
1356	    dma1      - first DMA # for WSS chip (0,1,3)
1357	    dma2      - second DMA # for WSS chip (0,1,3)
1358	
1359	    This module supports only one card, autoprobe and PnP.
1360	
1361	  Module snd-opti93x
1362	  ------------------
1363	
1364	    Module for sound cards based on OPTi 82c93x chips.
1365	    
1366	    isapnp    - ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default)
1367	
1368	    with isapnp=0, the following options are available:
1369	
1370	    port      - port # for WSS chip (0x530,0xe80,0xf40,0x604)
1371	    mpu_port  - port # for MPU-401 UART (0x300,0x310,0x320,0x330)
1372	    fm_port   - port # for OPL3 device (0x388)
1373	    irq       - IRQ # for WSS chip (5,7,9,10,11)
1374	    mpu_irq   - IRQ # for MPU-401 UART (5,7,9,10)
1375	    dma1      - first DMA # for WSS chip (0,1,3)
1376	    dma2      - second DMA # for WSS chip (0,1,3)
1377	
1378	    This module supports only one card, autoprobe and PnP.
1379	
1380	  Module snd-oxygen
1381	  -----------------
1382	
1383	    Module for sound cards based on the C-Media CMI8788 chip:
1384	    * Asound A-8788
1385	    * AuzenTech X-Meridian
1386	    * Bgears b-Enspirer
1387	    * Club3D Theatron DTS
1388	    * HT-Omega Claro (plus)
1389	    * HT-Omega Claro halo (XT)
1390	    * Razer Barracuda AC-1
1391	    * Sondigo Inferno
1392	
1393	    This module supports autoprobe and multiple cards.
1394	
1395	  Module snd-pcsp
1396	  -----------------
1397	
1398	    Module for internal PC-Speaker.
1399	
1400	    nforce_wa	- enable NForce chipset workaround. Expect bad sound.
1401	
1402	    This module supports system beeps, some kind of PCM playback and
1403	    even a few mixer controls.
1404	
1405	  Module snd-pcxhr
1406	  ----------------
1407	
1408	    Module for Digigram PCXHR boards
1409	
1410	    This module supports multiple cards.
1411	
1412	  Module snd-portman2x4
1413	  ---------------------
1414	
1415	    Module for Midiman Portman 2x4 parallel port MIDI interface
1416	
1417	    This module supports multiple cards.
1418	
1419	  Module snd-powermac (on ppc only)
1420	  ---------------------------------
1421	
1422	    Module for PowerMac, iMac and iBook on-board soundchips
1423	
1424	    enable_beep     - enable beep using PCM (enabled as default)
1425	
1426	    Module supports autoprobe a chip.
1427	
1428	    Note: the driver may have problems regarding endianess.
1429	
1430	    The power-management is supported.
1431	
1432	  Module snd-pxa2xx-ac97 (on arm only)
1433	  ------------------------------------
1434	
1435	    Module for AC97 driver for the Intel PXA2xx chip
1436	
1437	    For ARM architecture only.
1438	
1439	    The power-management is supported.
1440	
1441	  Module snd-riptide
1442	  ------------------
1443	
1444	    Module for Conexant Riptide chip
1445	
1446	      joystick_port	- Joystick port # (default: 0x200)
1447	      mpu_port		- MPU401 port # (default: 0x330)
1448	      opl3_port		- OPL3 port # (default: 0x388)
1449	
1450	    This module supports multiple cards.
1451	    The driver requires the firmware loader support on kernel.
1452	    You need to install the firmware file "riptide.hex" to the standard
1453	    firmware path (e.g. /lib/firmware).
1454	
1455	  Module snd-rme32
1456	  ----------------
1457	
1458	    Module for RME Digi32, Digi32 Pro and Digi32/8 (Sek'd Prodif32, 
1459	    Prodif96 and Prodif Gold) sound cards.
1460	
1461	    This module supports multiple cards.
1462	
1463	  Module snd-rme96
1464	  ----------------
1465	
1466	    Module for RME Digi96, Digi96/8 and Digi96/8 PRO/PAD/PST sound cards.
1467	
1468	    This module supports multiple cards.
1469	
1470	  Module snd-rme9652
1471	  ------------------
1472	
1473	    Module for RME Digi9652 (Hammerfall, Hammerfall-Light) sound cards.
1474	
1475	    precise_ptr	- Enable precise pointer (doesn't work reliably).
1476			  (default = 0)
1477	
1478	    This module supports multiple cards.
1479	
1480	    Note: snd-page-alloc module does the job which snd-hammerfall-mem
1481	          module did formerly.  It will allocate the buffers in advance
1482	          when any RME9652 cards are found.  To make the buffer
1483	          allocation sure, load snd-page-alloc module in the early
1484	          stage of boot sequence.  See "Early Buffer Allocation"
1485		  section.
1486	
1487	  Module snd-sa11xx-uda1341 (on arm only)
1488	  ---------------------------------------
1489	
1490	    Module for Philips UDA1341TS on Compaq iPAQ H3600 sound card.
1491	
1492	    Module supports only one card.
1493	    Module has no enable and index options.
1494	
1495	    The power-management is supported.
1496	
1497	  Module snd-sb8
1498	  --------------
1499	
1500	    Module for 8-bit SoundBlaster cards: SoundBlaster 1.0,
1501						 SoundBlaster 2.0,
1502						 SoundBlaster Pro
1503	
1504	    port	- port # for SB DSP chip (0x220,0x240,0x260)
1505	    irq		- IRQ # for SB DSP chip (5,7,9,10)
1506	    dma8	- DMA # for SB DSP chip (1,3)
1507	
1508	    This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe.
1509	    
1510	    The power-management is supported.
1511	
1512	  Module snd-sb16 and snd-sbawe
1513	  -----------------------------
1514	
1515	    Module for 16-bit SoundBlaster cards: SoundBlaster 16 (PnP),
1516						  SoundBlaster AWE 32 (PnP),
1517						  SoundBlaster AWE 64 PnP
1518	
1519	    mic_agc	- Mic Auto-Gain-Control - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default)
1520	    csp		- ASP/CSP chip support - 0 = disable (default), 1 = enable
1521	    isapnp	- ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default)
1522	
1523	    with isapnp=0, the following options are available:
1524	
1525	    port	- port # for SB DSP 4.x chip (0x220,0x240,0x260)
1526	    mpu_port	- port # for MPU-401 UART (0x300,0x330), -1 = disable
1527	    awe_port	- base port # for EMU8000 synthesizer (0x620,0x640,0x660)
1528	                   (snd-sbawe module only)
1529	    irq		- IRQ # for SB DSP 4.x chip (5,7,9,10)
1530	    dma8	- 8-bit DMA # for SB DSP 4.x chip (0,1,3)
1531	    dma16	- 16-bit DMA # for SB DSP 4.x chip (5,6,7)
1532	    
1533	    This module supports multiple cards, autoprobe and ISA PnP.
1534	
1535	    Note: To use Vibra16X cards in 16-bit half duplex mode, you must
1536	          disable 16bit DMA with dma16 = -1 module parameter.
1537	          Also, all Sound Blaster 16 type cards can operate in 16-bit
1538	          half duplex mode through 8-bit DMA channel by disabling their
1539	          16-bit DMA channel.
1540	    
1541	    The power-management is supported.
1542	
1543	  Module snd-sc6000
1544	  -----------------
1545	
1546	    Module for Gallant SC-6000 soundcard.
1547	
1548	    port	- Port # (0x220 or 0x240)
1549	    mss_port	- MSS Port # (0x530 or 0xe80)
1550	    irq		- IRQ # (5,7,9,10,11)
1551	    mpu_irq	- MPU-401 IRQ # (5,7,9,10) ,0 - no MPU-401 irq
1552	    dma		- DMA # (1,3,0)
1553	
1554	    This module supports multiple cards.
1555	
1556	    This card is also known as Audio Excel DSP 16 or Zoltrix AV302.
1557	
1558	  Module snd-sgalaxy
1559	  ------------------
1560	
1561	    Module for Aztech Sound Galaxy sound card.
1562	
1563	    sbport	- Port # for SB16 interface (0x220,0x240)
1564	    wssport	- Port # for WSS interface (0x530,0xe80,0xf40,0x604)
1565	    irq		- IRQ # (7,9,10,11)
1566	    dma1	- DMA #
1567	
1568	    This module supports multiple cards.
1569	
1570	    The power-management is supported.
1571	
1572	  Module snd-sscape
1573	  -----------------
1574	
1575	    Module for ENSONIQ SoundScape PnP cards.
1576	
1577	    port	- Port # (PnP setup)
1578	    wss_port	- WSS Port # (PnP setup)
1579	    irq		- IRQ # (PnP setup)
1580	    mpu_irq	- MPU-401 IRQ # (PnP setup)
1581	    dma		- DMA # (PnP setup)
1582	    dma2	- 2nd DMA # (PnP setup, -1 to disable)
1583	
1584	    This module supports multiple cards.  ISA PnP must be enabled.
1585	    You need sscape_ctl tool in alsa-tools package for loading
1586	    the microcode.
1587	
1588	  Module snd-sun-amd7930 (on sparc only)
1589	  --------------------------------------
1590	
1591	    Module for AMD7930 sound chips found on Sparcs.
1592	
1593	    This module supports multiple cards.
1594	
1595	  Module snd-sun-cs4231 (on sparc only)
1596	  -------------------------------------
1597	
1598	    Module for CS4231 sound chips found on Sparcs.
1599	
1600	    This module supports multiple cards.
1601	
1602	  Module snd-sun-dbri (on sparc only)
1603	  -----------------------------------
1604	
1605	    Module for DBRI sound chips found on Sparcs.
1606	
1607	    This module supports multiple cards.
1608	
1609	  Module snd-wavefront
1610	  --------------------
1611	
1612	    Module for Turtle Beach Maui, Tropez and Tropez+ sound cards.
1613	
1614	    use_cs4232_midi - Use CS4232 MPU-401 interface
1615	                      (inaccessibly located inside your computer)
1616	    isapnp          - ISA PnP detection - 0 = disable, 1 = enable (default)
1617	
1618	    with isapnp=0, the following options are available:
1619	
1620	    cs4232_pcm_port - Port # for CS4232 PCM interface.
1621	    cs4232_pcm_irq  - IRQ # for CS4232 PCM interface (5,7,9,11,12,15).
1622	    cs4232_mpu_port - Port # for CS4232 MPU-401 interface.
1623	    cs4232_mpu_irq  - IRQ # for CS4232 MPU-401 interface (9,11,12,15).
1624	    ics2115_port    - Port # for ICS2115
1625	    ics2115_irq     - IRQ # for ICS2115
1626	    fm_port         - FM OPL-3 Port #
1627	    dma1            - DMA1 # for CS4232 PCM interface.
1628	    dma2            - DMA2 # for CS4232 PCM interface.
1629	
1630	    The below are options for wavefront_synth features:
1631	    wf_raw	    - Assume that we need to boot the OS (default:no)
1632		If yes, then during driver loading, the state of the board is
1633		ignored, and we reset the board and load the firmware anyway.
1634	    fx_raw	    - Assume that the FX process needs help (default:yes)
1635		If false, we'll leave the FX processor in whatever state it is
1636		when the driver is loaded.  The default is to download the
1637		microprogram and associated coefficients to set it up for
1638		"default" operation, whatever that means.
1639	    debug_default   - Debug parameters for card initialization
1640	    wait_usecs	    - How long to wait without sleeping, usecs
1641			      (default:150)
1642		This magic number seems to give pretty optimal throughput
1643		based on my limited experimentation. 
1644		If you want to play around with it and find a better value, be
1645		my guest. Remember, the idea is to get a number that causes us
1646		to just busy wait for as many WaveFront commands as possible,
1647		without coming up with a number so large that we hog the whole
1648		CPU. 
1649		Specifically, with this number, out of about 134,000 status
1650		waits, only about 250 result in a sleep. 
1651	    sleep_interval  - How long to sleep when waiting for reply
1652			      (default: 100)
1653	    sleep_tries	    - How many times to try sleeping during a wait
1654			      (default: 50)
1655	    ospath	    - Pathname to processed ICS2115 OS firmware
1656			      (default:wavefront.os)
1657		The path name of the ISC2115 OS firmware.  In the recent
1658		version, it's handled via firmware loader framework, so it
1659		must be installed in the proper path, typically,
1660		/lib/firmware.
1661	    reset_time	    - How long to wait for a reset to take effect
1662			      (default:2)
1663	    ramcheck_time   - How many seconds to wait for the RAM test
1664			      (default:20)
1665	    osrun_time	    - How many seconds to wait for the ICS2115 OS
1666			      (default:10)
1667	
1668	    This module supports multiple cards and ISA PnP.
1669	
1670	    Note: the firmware file "wavefront.os" was located in the earlier
1671	          version in /etc.  Now it's loaded via firmware loader, and
1672		  must be in the proper firmware path, such as /lib/firmware.
1673		  Copy (or symlink) the file appropriately if you get an error
1674		  regarding firmware downloading after upgrading the kernel.
1675	
1676	  Module snd-sonicvibes
1677	  ---------------------
1678	
1679	    Module for S3 SonicVibes PCI sound cards.
1680				* PINE Schubert 32 PCI
1681	
1682	    reverb    - Reverb Enable - 1 = enable, 0 = disable (default)
1683	                  - SoundCard must have onboard SRAM for this.
1684	    mge       - Mic Gain Enable - 1 = enable, 0 = disable (default)
1685	    
1686	    This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe.
1687	
1688	  Module snd-serial-u16550
1689	  ------------------------
1690	
1691	    Module for UART16550A serial MIDI ports.
1692	
1693	    port	- port # for UART16550A chip
1694	    irq		- IRQ # for UART16550A chip, -1 = poll mode
1695	    speed	- speed in bauds (9600,19200,38400,57600,115200)
1696			  38400 = default
1697	    base	- base for divisor in bauds (57600,115200,230400,460800)
1698			  115200 = default
1699	    outs	- number of MIDI ports in a serial port (1-4)
1700			  1 = default
1701	    adaptor	- Type of adaptor.
1702	                  0 = Soundcanvas, 1 = MS-124T, 2 = MS-124W S/A,
1703			  3 = MS-124W M/B, 4 = Generic
1704	    
1705	    This module supports multiple cards. This module does not support autoprobe
1706	    thus the main port must be specified!!! Other options are optional.
1707	
1708	  Module snd-trident
1709	  ------------------
1710	
1711	    Module for Trident 4DWave DX/NX sound cards.
1712				* Best Union  Miss Melody 4DWave PCI
1713				* HIS  4DWave PCI
1714				* Warpspeed  ONSpeed 4DWave PCI
1715				* AzTech  PCI 64-Q3D
1716				* Addonics  SV 750
1717				* CHIC  True Sound 4Dwave
1718				* Shark  Predator4D-PCI
1719				* Jaton  SonicWave 4D
1720				* SiS SI7018 PCI Audio
1721				* Hoontech SoundTrack Digital 4DWave NX
1722	
1723	    pcm_channels   - max channels (voices) reserved for PCM
1724	    wavetable_size - max wavetable size in kB (4-?kb)
1725	
1726	    This module supports multiple cards and autoprobe.
1727	
1728	    The power-management is supported.
1729	
1730	  Module snd-usb-audio
1731	  --------------------
1732	
1733	    Module for USB audio and USB MIDI devices.
1734	
1735	    vid             - Vendor ID for the device (optional)
1736	    pid             - Product ID for the device (optional)
1737	    nrpacks	    - Max. number of packets per URB (default: 8)
1738	    async_unlink    - Use async unlink mode (default: yes)
1739	    device_setup    - Device specific magic number (optional)
1740	                    - Influence depends on the device
1741	                    - Default: 0x0000 
1742	    ignore_ctl_error - Ignore any USB-controller regarding mixer
1743	    		       interface (default: no)
1744	
1745	    This module supports multiple devices, autoprobe and hotplugging.
1746	
1747	    NB: nrpacks parameter can be modified dynamically via sysfs.
1748	        Don't put the value over 20.  Changing via sysfs has no sanity
1749		check.
1750	    NB: async_unlink=0 would cause Oops.  It remains just for
1751	        debugging purpose (if any).
1752	    NB: ignore_ctl_error=1 may help when you get an error at accessing
1753	        the mixer element such as URB error -22.  This happens on some
1754	        buggy USB device or the controller.
1755	
1756	  Module snd-usb-caiaq
1757	  --------------------
1758	
1759	    Module for caiaq UB audio interfaces,
1760		    * Native Instruments RigKontrol2
1761		    * Native Instruments Kore Controller
1762		    * Native Instruments Audio Kontrol 1
1763		    * Native Instruments Audio 8 DJ
1764	
1765	    This module supports multiple devices, autoprobe and hotplugging.
1766	
1767	  Module snd-usb-usx2y
1768	  --------------------
1769	
1770	    Module for Tascam USB US-122, US-224 and US-428 devices.
1771	
1772	    This module supports multiple devices, autoprobe and hotplugging.
1773	
1774	    Note: you need to load the firmware via usx2yloader utility included
1775	          in alsa-tools and alsa-firmware packages.
1776	
1777	  Module snd-via82xx
1778	  ------------------
1779	
1780	    Module for AC'97 motherboards based on VIA 82C686A/686B, 8233,
1781	    8233A, 8233C, 8235, 8237 (south) bridge.
1782	
1783	    mpu_port	- 0x300,0x310,0x320,0x330, otherwise obtain BIOS setup
1784			  [VIA686A/686B only]
1785	    joystick	- Enable joystick (default off) [VIA686A/686B only]
1786	    ac97_clock	- AC'97 codec clock base (default 48000Hz)
1787	    dxs_support	- support DXS channels,
1788			  0 = auto (default), 1 = enable, 2 = disable,
1789			  3 = 48k only, 4 = no VRA, 5 = enable any sample
1790			  rate and different sample rates on different
1791			  channels
1792			  [VIA8233/C, 8235, 8237 only]
1793	    ac97_quirk  - AC'97 workaround for strange hardware
1794			  See "AC97 Quirk Option" section below.
1795	
1796	    This module supports one chip and autoprobe.
1797	
1798	    Note: on some SMP motherboards like MSI 694D the interrupts might
1799	          not be generated properly.  In such a case, please try to
1800	          set the SMP (or MPS) version on BIOS to 1.1 instead of
1801	          default value 1.4.  Then the interrupt number will be
1802	          assigned under 15. You might also upgrade your BIOS.
1803	    
1804	    Note: VIA8233/5/7 (not VIA8233A) can support DXS (direct sound)
1805		  channels as the first PCM.  On these channels, up to 4
1806		  streams can be played at the same time, and the controller
1807		  can perform sample rate conversion with separate rates for
1808		  each channel.
1809		  As default (dxs_support = 0), 48k fixed rate is chosen
1810		  except for the known devices since the output is often
1811		  noisy except for 48k on some mother boards due to the
1812		  bug of BIOS.
1813		  Please try once dxs_support=5 and if it works on other
1814		  sample rates (e.g. 44.1kHz of mp3 playback), please let us
1815		  know the PCI subsystem vendor/device id's (output of
1816		  "lspci -nv").
1817		  If dxs_support=5 does not work, try dxs_support=4; if it
1818		  doesn't work too, try dxs_support=1.  (dxs_support=1 is
1819		  usually for old motherboards.  The correct implemented
1820		  board should work with 4 or 5.)  If it still doesn't
1821		  work and the default setting is ok, dxs_support=3 is the
1822		  right choice.  If the default setting doesn't work at all,
1823		  try dxs_support=2 to disable the DXS channels.
1824		  In any cases, please let us know the result and the
1825		  subsystem vendor/device ids.  See "Links and Addresses"
1826		  below.
1827	
1828	    Note: for the MPU401 on VIA823x, use snd-mpu401 driver
1829		  additionally.  The mpu_port option is for VIA686 chips only.
1830	
1831	    The power-management is supported.
1832	
1833	  Module snd-via82xx-modem
1834	  ------------------------
1835	
1836	    Module for VIA82xx AC97 modem
1837	
1838	    ac97_clock	- AC'97 codec clock base (default 48000Hz)
1839	
1840	    This module supports one card and autoprobe.
1841	
1842	    Note: The default index value of this module is -2, i.e. the first
1843	          slot is excluded.
1844	
1845	    The power-management is supported.
1846	
1847	  Module snd-virmidi
1848	  ------------------
1849	
1850	    Module for virtual rawmidi devices.
1851	    This module creates virtual rawmidi devices which communicate
1852	    to the corresponding ALSA sequencer ports.
1853	
1854	    midi_devs	- MIDI devices # (1-4, default=4)
1855	    
1856	    This module supports multiple cards.
1857	
1858	  Module snd-virtuoso
1859	  -------------------
1860	
1861	    Module for sound cards based on the Asus AV100/AV200 chips,
1862	    i.e., Xonar D1, DX, D2, D2X, HDAV1.3 (Deluxe), and Essence STX.
1863	
1864	    This module supports autoprobe and multiple cards.
1865	
1866	  Module snd-vx222
1867	  ----------------
1868	
1869	    Module for Digigram VX-Pocket VX222, V222 v2 and Mic cards.
1870	
1871	    mic		- Enable Microphone on V222 Mic (NYI)
1872	    ibl		- Capture IBL size. (default = 0, minimum size)
1873	
1874	    This module supports multiple cards.
1875	
1876	    When the driver is compiled as a module and the hotplug firmware
1877	    is supported, the firmware data is loaded via hotplug automatically.
1878	    Install the necessary firmware files in alsa-firmware package.
1879	    When no hotplug fw loader is available, you need to load the
1880	    firmware via vxloader utility in alsa-tools package.  To invoke
1881	    vxloader automatically, add the following to /etc/modprobe.conf
1882	
1883		install snd-vx222 /sbin/modprobe --first-time -i snd-vx222 && /usr/bin/vxloader
1884	
1885	    (for 2.2/2.4 kernels, add "post-install /usr/bin/vxloader" to
1886	     /etc/modules.conf, instead.)
1887	    IBL size defines the interrupts period for PCM.  The smaller size
1888	    gives smaller latency but leads to more CPU consumption, too.
1889	    The size is usually aligned to 126.  As default (=0), the smallest
1890	    size is chosen.  The possible IBL values can be found in
1891	    /proc/asound/cardX/vx-status proc file.
1892	
1893	    The power-management is supported.
1894	
1895	  Module snd-vxpocket
1896	  -------------------
1897	
1898	    Module for Digigram VX-Pocket VX2 and 440 PCMCIA cards.
1899	
1900	    ibl      - Capture IBL size. (default = 0, minimum size)
1901	
1902	    This module supports multiple cards.  The module is compiled only when
1903	    PCMCIA is supported on kernel.
1904	
1905	    With the older 2.6.x kernel, to activate the driver via the card
1906	    manager, you'll need to set up /etc/pcmcia/vxpocket.conf.  See the
1907	    sound/pcmcia/vx/vxpocket.c.  2.6.13 or later kernel requires no
1908	    longer require a config file.
1909	
1910	    When the driver is compiled as a module and the hotplug firmware
1911	    is supported, the firmware data is loaded via hotplug automatically.
1912	    Install the necessary firmware files in alsa-firmware package.
1913	    When no hotplug fw loader is available, you need to load the
1914	    firmware via vxloader utility in alsa-tools package.
1915	
1916	    About capture IBL, see the description of snd-vx222 module.
1917	
1918	    Note: snd-vxp440 driver is merged to snd-vxpocket driver since
1919	           ALSA 1.0.10.
1920	
1921	    The power-management is supported.
1922	
1923	  Module snd-ymfpci
1924	  -----------------
1925	
1926	    Module for Yamaha PCI chips (YMF72x, YMF74x & YMF75x).
1927	
1928	    mpu_port      - 0x300,0x330,0x332,0x334, 0 (disable) by default,
1929	                    1 (auto-detect for YMF744/754 only)
1930	    fm_port       - 0x388,0x398,0x3a0,0x3a8, 0 (disable) by default
1931	                    1 (auto-detect for YMF744/754 only)
1932	    joystick_port - 0x201,0x202,0x204,0x205, 0 (disable) by default,
1933	                    1 (auto-detect)
1934	    rear_switch   - enable shared rear/line-in switch (bool)
1935	
1936	    This module supports autoprobe and multiple chips.
1937	
1938	    The power-management is supported.
1939	
1940	  Module snd-pdaudiocf
1941	  --------------------
1942	
1943	    Module for Sound Core PDAudioCF sound card.
1944	
1945	    The power-management is supported.
1946	
1947	
1948	AC97 Quirk Option
1949	=================
1950	
1951	The ac97_quirk option is used to enable/override the workaround for
1952	specific devices on drivers for on-board AC'97 controllers like
1953	snd-intel8x0.  Some hardware have swapped output pins between Master
1954	and Headphone, or Surround (thanks to confusion of AC'97
1955	specifications from version to version :-)
1956	
1957	The driver provides the auto-detection of known problematic devices,
1958	but some might be unknown or wrongly detected.  In such a case, pass
1959	the proper value with this option.
1960	
1961	The following strings are accepted:
1962	    - default	Don't override the default setting
1963	    - none	Disable the quirk
1964	    - hp_only	Bind Master and Headphone controls as a single control
1965	    - swap_hp	Swap headphone and master controls
1966	    - swap_surround  Swap master and surround controls
1967	    - ad_sharing  For AD1985, turn on OMS bit and use headphone
1968	    - alc_jack	For ALC65x, turn on the jack sense mode
1969	    - inv_eapd	Inverted EAPD implementation
1970	    - mute_led	Bind EAPD bit for turning on/off mute LED
1971	
1972	For backward compatibility, the corresponding integer value -1, 0,
1973	... are  accepted, too.
1974	
1975	For example, if "Master" volume control has no effect on your device
1976	but only "Headphone" does, pass ac97_quirk=hp_only module option.
1977	
1978	
1979	Configuring Non-ISAPNP Cards
1980	============================
1981	
1982	When the kernel is configured with ISA-PnP support, the modules
1983	supporting the isapnp cards will have module options "isapnp".
1984	If this option is set, *only* the ISA-PnP devices will be probed.
1985	For probing the non ISA-PnP cards, you have to pass "isapnp=0" option
1986	together with the proper i/o and irq configuration.
1987	
1988	When the kernel is configured without ISA-PnP support, isapnp option
1989	will be not built in.
1990	
1991	
1992	Module Autoloading Support
1993	==========================
1994	
1995	The ALSA drivers can be loaded automatically on demand by defining
1996	module aliases.  The string 'snd-card-%1' is requested for ALSA native
1997	devices where %i is sound card number from zero to seven.
1998	
1999	To auto-load an ALSA driver for OSS services, define the string
2000	'sound-slot-%i' where %i means the slot number for OSS, which
2001	corresponds to the card index of ALSA.  Usually, define this
2002	as the same card module.
2003	
2004	An example configuration for a single emu10k1 card is like below:
2005	----- /etc/modprobe.conf
2006	alias snd-card-0 snd-emu10k1
2007	alias sound-slot-0 snd-emu10k1
2008	----- /etc/modprobe.conf
2009	
2010	The available number of auto-loaded sound cards depends on the module
2011	option "cards_limit" of snd module.  As default it's set to 1.
2012	To enable the auto-loading of multiple cards, specify the number of
2013	sound cards in that option.
2014	
2015	When multiple cards are available, it'd better to specify the index
2016	number for each card via module option, too, so that the order of
2017	cards is kept consistent.
2018	
2019	An example configuration for two sound cards is like below:
2020	
2021	----- /etc/modprobe.conf
2022	# ALSA portion
2023	options snd cards_limit=2
2024	alias snd-card-0 snd-interwave
2025	alias snd-card-1 snd-ens1371
2026	options snd-interwave index=0
2027	options snd-ens1371 index=1
2028	# OSS/Free portion
2029	alias sound-slot-0 snd-interwave
2030	alias sound-slot-1 snd-ens1371
2031	----- /etc/modprobe.conf
2032	
2033	In this example, the interwave card is always loaded as the first card
2034	(index 0) and ens1371 as the second (index 1).
2035	
2036	Alternative (and new) way to fixate the slot assignment is to use
2037	"slots" option of snd module.  In the case above, specify like the
2038	following: 
2039	
2040	options snd slots=snd-interwave,snd-ens1371
2041	
2042	Then, the first slot (#0) is reserved for snd-interwave driver, and
2043	the second (#1) for snd-ens1371.  You can omit index option in each
2044	driver if slots option is used (although you can still have them at
2045	the same time as long as they don't conflict).
2046	
2047	The slots option is especially useful for avoiding the possible
2048	hot-plugging and the resultant slot conflict.  For example, in the
2049	case above again, the first two slots are already reserved.  If any
2050	other driver (e.g. snd-usb-audio) is loaded before snd-interwave or
2051	snd-ens1371, it will be assigned to the third or later slot.
2052	
2053	When a module name is given with '!', the slot will be given for any
2054	modules but that name.  For example, "slots=!snd-pcsp" will reserve
2055	the first slot for any modules but snd-pcsp. 
2056	
2057	
2058	ALSA PCM devices to OSS devices mapping
2059	=======================================
2060	
2061	/dev/snd/pcmC0D0[c|p]  -> /dev/audio0 (/dev/audio) -> minor 4
2062	/dev/snd/pcmC0D0[c|p]  -> /dev/dsp0 (/dev/dsp)     -> minor 3
2063	/dev/snd/pcmC0D1[c|p]  -> /dev/adsp0 (/dev/adsp)   -> minor 12
2064	/dev/snd/pcmC1D0[c|p]  -> /dev/audio1              -> minor 4+16 = 20
2065	/dev/snd/pcmC1D0[c|p]  -> /dev/dsp1                -> minor 3+16 = 19
2066	/dev/snd/pcmC1D1[c|p]  -> /dev/adsp1               -> minor 12+16 = 28
2067	/dev/snd/pcmC2D0[c|p]  -> /dev/audio2              -> minor 4+32 = 36
2068	/dev/snd/pcmC2D0[c|p]  -> /dev/dsp2                -> minor 3+32 = 39
2069	/dev/snd/pcmC2D1[c|p]  -> /dev/adsp2               -> minor 12+32 = 44
2070	
2071	The first number from /dev/snd/pcmC{X}D{Y}[c|p] expression means
2072	sound card number and second means device number.  The ALSA devices
2073	have either 'c' or 'p' suffix indicating the direction, capture and
2074	playback, respectively.
2075	
2076	Please note that the device mapping above may be varied via the module
2077	options of snd-pcm-oss module.
2078	
2079	
2080	Proc interfaces (/proc/asound)
2081	==============================
2082	
2083	/proc/asound/card#/pcm#[cp]/oss
2084	-------------------------------
2085	  String "erase" - erase all additional informations about OSS applications
2086	  String "<app_name> <fragments> <fragment_size> [<options>]"
2087	
2088	   <app_name> - name of application with (higher priority) or without path
2089	   <fragments> - number of fragments or zero if auto
2090	   <fragment_size> - size of fragment in bytes or zero if auto
2091	   <options> - optional parameters
2092		  - disable   the application tries to open a pcm device for
2093			      this channel but does not want to use it.
2094			      (Cause a bug or mmap needs)
2095			      It's good for Quake etc...
2096		  - direct    don't use plugins
2097		  - block     force block mode (rvplayer)
2098		  - non-block force non-block mode
2099		  - whole-frag  write only whole fragments (optimization affecting
2100				playback only)
2101		  - no-silence  do not fill silence ahead to avoid clicks
2102		  - buggy-ptr	Returns the whitespace blocks in GETOPTR ioctl
2103				instead of filled blocks
2104	
2105	  Example: echo "x11amp 128 16384" > /proc/asound/card0/pcm0p/oss
2106	           echo "squake 0 0 disable" > /proc/asound/card0/pcm0c/oss
2107		   echo "rvplayer 0 0 block" > /proc/asound/card0/pcm0p/oss
2108	
2109	
2110	Early Buffer Allocation
2111	=======================
2112	
2113	Some drivers (e.g. hdsp) require the large contiguous buffers, and
2114	sometimes it's too late to find such spaces when the driver module is
2115	actually loaded due to memory fragmentation.  You can pre-allocate the
2116	PCM buffers by loading snd-page-alloc module and write commands to its
2117	proc file in prior, for example, in the early boot stage like
2118	/etc/init.d/*.local scripts.
2119	
2120	Reading the proc file /proc/drivers/snd-page-alloc shows the current
2121	usage of page allocation.  In writing, you can send the following
2122	commands to the snd-page-alloc driver:
2123	
2124	  - add VENDOR DEVICE MASK SIZE BUFFERS
2125	
2126	    VENDOR and DEVICE are PCI vendor and device IDs.  They take
2127	    integer numbers (0x prefix is needed for the hex).
2128	    MASK is the PCI DMA mask.  Pass 0 if not restricted.
2129	    SIZE is the size of each buffer to allocate.  You can pass
2130	    k and m suffix for KB and MB.  The max number is 16MB.
2131	    BUFFERS is the number of buffers to allocate.  It must be greater
2132	    than 0.  The max number is 4.
2133	
2134	  - erase
2135	
2136	    This will erase the all pre-allocated buffers which are not in
2137	    use.
2138	
2139	
2140	Links and Addresses
2141	===================
2142	
2143	  ALSA project homepage
2144	       http://www.alsa-project.org
2145	
2146	  Kernel Bugzilla
2147	       http://bugzilla.kernel.org/
2148	
2149	  ALSA Developers ML
2150	       mailto:alsa-devel[AT]alsa-project[DOT]org
2151	
2152	  alsa-info.sh script
2153	       http://www.alsa-project.org/alsa-info.sh
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