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Documentation / pinctrl.txt


Based on kernel version 4.10.8. Page generated on 2017-04-01 14:44 EST.

1	PINCTRL (PIN CONTROL) subsystem
2	This document outlines the pin control subsystem in Linux
3	
4	This subsystem deals with:
5	
6	- Enumerating and naming controllable pins
7	
8	- Multiplexing of pins, pads, fingers (etc) see below for details
9	
10	- Configuration of pins, pads, fingers (etc), such as software-controlled
11	  biasing and driving mode specific pins, such as pull-up/down, open drain,
12	  load capacitance etc.
13	
14	Top-level interface
15	===================
16	
17	Definition of PIN CONTROLLER:
18	
19	- A pin controller is a piece of hardware, usually a set of registers, that
20	  can control PINs. It may be able to multiplex, bias, set load capacitance,
21	  set drive strength, etc. for individual pins or groups of pins.
22	
23	Definition of PIN:
24	
25	- PINS are equal to pads, fingers, balls or whatever packaging input or
26	  output line you want to control and these are denoted by unsigned integers
27	  in the range 0..maxpin. This numberspace is local to each PIN CONTROLLER, so
28	  there may be several such number spaces in a system. This pin space may
29	  be sparse - i.e. there may be gaps in the space with numbers where no
30	  pin exists.
31	
32	When a PIN CONTROLLER is instantiated, it will register a descriptor to the
33	pin control framework, and this descriptor contains an array of pin descriptors
34	describing the pins handled by this specific pin controller.
35	
36	Here is an example of a PGA (Pin Grid Array) chip seen from underneath:
37	
38	        A   B   C   D   E   F   G   H
39	
40	   8    o   o   o   o   o   o   o   o
41	
42	   7    o   o   o   o   o   o   o   o
43	
44	   6    o   o   o   o   o   o   o   o
45	
46	   5    o   o   o   o   o   o   o   o
47	
48	   4    o   o   o   o   o   o   o   o
49	
50	   3    o   o   o   o   o   o   o   o
51	
52	   2    o   o   o   o   o   o   o   o
53	
54	   1    o   o   o   o   o   o   o   o
55	
56	To register a pin controller and name all the pins on this package we can do
57	this in our driver:
58	
59	#include <linux/pinctrl/pinctrl.h>
60	
61	const struct pinctrl_pin_desc foo_pins[] = {
62	      PINCTRL_PIN(0, "A8"),
63	      PINCTRL_PIN(1, "B8"),
64	      PINCTRL_PIN(2, "C8"),
65	      ...
66	      PINCTRL_PIN(61, "F1"),
67	      PINCTRL_PIN(62, "G1"),
68	      PINCTRL_PIN(63, "H1"),
69	};
70	
71	static struct pinctrl_desc foo_desc = {
72		.name = "foo",
73		.pins = foo_pins,
74		.npins = ARRAY_SIZE(foo_pins),
75		.owner = THIS_MODULE,
76	};
77	
78	int __init foo_probe(void)
79	{
80		struct pinctrl_dev *pctl;
81	
82		pctl = pinctrl_register(&foo_desc, <PARENT>, NULL);
83		if (!pctl)
84			pr_err("could not register foo pin driver\n");
85	}
86	
87	To enable the pinctrl subsystem and the subgroups for PINMUX and PINCONF and
88	selected drivers, you need to select them from your machine's Kconfig entry,
89	since these are so tightly integrated with the machines they are used on.
90	See for example arch/arm/mach-u300/Kconfig for an example.
91	
92	Pins usually have fancier names than this. You can find these in the datasheet
93	for your chip. Notice that the core pinctrl.h file provides a fancy macro
94	called PINCTRL_PIN() to create the struct entries. As you can see I enumerated
95	the pins from 0 in the upper left corner to 63 in the lower right corner.
96	This enumeration was arbitrarily chosen, in practice you need to think
97	through your numbering system so that it matches the layout of registers
98	and such things in your driver, or the code may become complicated. You must
99	also consider matching of offsets to the GPIO ranges that may be handled by
100	the pin controller.
101	
102	For a padring with 467 pads, as opposed to actual pins, I used an enumeration
103	like this, walking around the edge of the chip, which seems to be industry
104	standard too (all these pads had names, too):
105	
106	
107	     0 ..... 104
108	   466        105
109	     .        .
110	     .        .
111	   358        224
112	    357 .... 225
113	
114	
115	Pin groups
116	==========
117	
118	Many controllers need to deal with groups of pins, so the pin controller
119	subsystem has a mechanism for enumerating groups of pins and retrieving the
120	actual enumerated pins that are part of a certain group.
121	
122	For example, say that we have a group of pins dealing with an SPI interface
123	on { 0, 8, 16, 24 }, and a group of pins dealing with an I2C interface on pins
124	on { 24, 25 }.
125	
126	These two groups are presented to the pin control subsystem by implementing
127	some generic pinctrl_ops like this:
128	
129	#include <linux/pinctrl/pinctrl.h>
130	
131	struct foo_group {
132		const char *name;
133		const unsigned int *pins;
134		const unsigned num_pins;
135	};
136	
137	static const unsigned int spi0_pins[] = { 0, 8, 16, 24 };
138	static const unsigned int i2c0_pins[] = { 24, 25 };
139	
140	static const struct foo_group foo_groups[] = {
141		{
142			.name = "spi0_grp",
143			.pins = spi0_pins,
144			.num_pins = ARRAY_SIZE(spi0_pins),
145		},
146		{
147			.name = "i2c0_grp",
148			.pins = i2c0_pins,
149			.num_pins = ARRAY_SIZE(i2c0_pins),
150		},
151	};
152	
153	
154	static int foo_get_groups_count(struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev)
155	{
156		return ARRAY_SIZE(foo_groups);
157	}
158	
159	static const char *foo_get_group_name(struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev,
160					       unsigned selector)
161	{
162		return foo_groups[selector].name;
163	}
164	
165	static int foo_get_group_pins(struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev, unsigned selector,
166				       const unsigned **pins,
167				       unsigned *num_pins)
168	{
169		*pins = (unsigned *) foo_groups[selector].pins;
170		*num_pins = foo_groups[selector].num_pins;
171		return 0;
172	}
173	
174	static struct pinctrl_ops foo_pctrl_ops = {
175		.get_groups_count = foo_get_groups_count,
176		.get_group_name = foo_get_group_name,
177		.get_group_pins = foo_get_group_pins,
178	};
179	
180	
181	static struct pinctrl_desc foo_desc = {
182	       ...
183	       .pctlops = &foo_pctrl_ops,
184	};
185	
186	The pin control subsystem will call the .get_groups_count() function to
187	determine the total number of legal selectors, then it will call the other functions
188	to retrieve the name and pins of the group. Maintaining the data structure of
189	the groups is up to the driver, this is just a simple example - in practice you
190	may need more entries in your group structure, for example specific register
191	ranges associated with each group and so on.
192	
193	
194	Pin configuration
195	=================
196	
197	Pins can sometimes be software-configured in various ways, mostly related
198	to their electronic properties when used as inputs or outputs. For example you
199	may be able to make an output pin high impedance, or "tristate" meaning it is
200	effectively disconnected. You may be able to connect an input pin to VDD or GND
201	using a certain resistor value - pull up and pull down - so that the pin has a
202	stable value when nothing is driving the rail it is connected to, or when it's
203	unconnected.
204	
205	Pin configuration can be programmed by adding configuration entries into the
206	mapping table; see section "Board/machine configuration" below.
207	
208	The format and meaning of the configuration parameter, PLATFORM_X_PULL_UP
209	above, is entirely defined by the pin controller driver.
210	
211	The pin configuration driver implements callbacks for changing pin
212	configuration in the pin controller ops like this:
213	
214	#include <linux/pinctrl/pinctrl.h>
215	#include <linux/pinctrl/pinconf.h>
216	#include "platform_x_pindefs.h"
217	
218	static int foo_pin_config_get(struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev,
219			    unsigned offset,
220			    unsigned long *config)
221	{
222		struct my_conftype conf;
223	
224		... Find setting for pin @ offset ...
225	
226		*config = (unsigned long) conf;
227	}
228	
229	static int foo_pin_config_set(struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev,
230			    unsigned offset,
231			    unsigned long config)
232	{
233		struct my_conftype *conf = (struct my_conftype *) config;
234	
235		switch (conf) {
236			case PLATFORM_X_PULL_UP:
237			...
238			}
239		}
240	}
241	
242	static int foo_pin_config_group_get (struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev,
243			    unsigned selector,
244			    unsigned long *config)
245	{
246		...
247	}
248	
249	static int foo_pin_config_group_set (struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev,
250			    unsigned selector,
251			    unsigned long config)
252	{
253		...
254	}
255	
256	static struct pinconf_ops foo_pconf_ops = {
257		.pin_config_get = foo_pin_config_get,
258		.pin_config_set = foo_pin_config_set,
259		.pin_config_group_get = foo_pin_config_group_get,
260		.pin_config_group_set = foo_pin_config_group_set,
261	};
262	
263	/* Pin config operations are handled by some pin controller */
264	static struct pinctrl_desc foo_desc = {
265		...
266		.confops = &foo_pconf_ops,
267	};
268	
269	Since some controllers have special logic for handling entire groups of pins
270	they can exploit the special whole-group pin control function. The
271	pin_config_group_set() callback is allowed to return the error code -EAGAIN,
272	for groups it does not want to handle, or if it just wants to do some
273	group-level handling and then fall through to iterate over all pins, in which
274	case each individual pin will be treated by separate pin_config_set() calls as
275	well.
276	
277	
278	Interaction with the GPIO subsystem
279	===================================
280	
281	The GPIO drivers may want to perform operations of various types on the same
282	physical pins that are also registered as pin controller pins.
283	
284	First and foremost, the two subsystems can be used as completely orthogonal,
285	see the section named "pin control requests from drivers" and
286	"drivers needing both pin control and GPIOs" below for details. But in some
287	situations a cross-subsystem mapping between pins and GPIOs is needed.
288	
289	Since the pin controller subsystem has its pinspace local to the pin controller
290	we need a mapping so that the pin control subsystem can figure out which pin
291	controller handles control of a certain GPIO pin. Since a single pin controller
292	may be muxing several GPIO ranges (typically SoCs that have one set of pins,
293	but internally several GPIO silicon blocks, each modelled as a struct
294	gpio_chip) any number of GPIO ranges can be added to a pin controller instance
295	like this:
296	
297	struct gpio_chip chip_a;
298	struct gpio_chip chip_b;
299	
300	static struct pinctrl_gpio_range gpio_range_a = {
301		.name = "chip a",
302		.id = 0,
303		.base = 32,
304		.pin_base = 32,
305		.npins = 16,
306		.gc = &chip_a;
307	};
308	
309	static struct pinctrl_gpio_range gpio_range_b = {
310		.name = "chip b",
311		.id = 0,
312		.base = 48,
313		.pin_base = 64,
314		.npins = 8,
315		.gc = &chip_b;
316	};
317	
318	{
319		struct pinctrl_dev *pctl;
320		...
321		pinctrl_add_gpio_range(pctl, &gpio_range_a);
322		pinctrl_add_gpio_range(pctl, &gpio_range_b);
323	}
324	
325	So this complex system has one pin controller handling two different
326	GPIO chips. "chip a" has 16 pins and "chip b" has 8 pins. The "chip a" and
327	"chip b" have different .pin_base, which means a start pin number of the
328	GPIO range.
329	
330	The GPIO range of "chip a" starts from the GPIO base of 32 and actual
331	pin range also starts from 32. However "chip b" has different starting
332	offset for the GPIO range and pin range. The GPIO range of "chip b" starts
333	from GPIO number 48, while the pin range of "chip b" starts from 64.
334	
335	We can convert a gpio number to actual pin number using this "pin_base".
336	They are mapped in the global GPIO pin space at:
337	
338	chip a:
339	 - GPIO range : [32 .. 47]
340	 - pin range  : [32 .. 47]
341	chip b:
342	 - GPIO range : [48 .. 55]
343	 - pin range  : [64 .. 71]
344	
345	The above examples assume the mapping between the GPIOs and pins is
346	linear. If the mapping is sparse or haphazard, an array of arbitrary pin
347	numbers can be encoded in the range like this:
348	
349	static const unsigned range_pins[] = { 14, 1, 22, 17, 10, 8, 6, 2 };
350	
351	static struct pinctrl_gpio_range gpio_range = {
352		.name = "chip",
353		.id = 0,
354		.base = 32,
355		.pins = &range_pins,
356		.npins = ARRAY_SIZE(range_pins),
357		.gc = &chip;
358	};
359	
360	In this case the pin_base property will be ignored. If the name of a pin
361	group is known, the pins and npins elements of the above structure can be
362	initialised using the function pinctrl_get_group_pins(), e.g. for pin
363	group "foo":
364	
365	pinctrl_get_group_pins(pctl, "foo", &gpio_range.pins, &gpio_range.npins);
366	
367	When GPIO-specific functions in the pin control subsystem are called, these
368	ranges will be used to look up the appropriate pin controller by inspecting
369	and matching the pin to the pin ranges across all controllers. When a
370	pin controller handling the matching range is found, GPIO-specific functions
371	will be called on that specific pin controller.
372	
373	For all functionalities dealing with pin biasing, pin muxing etc, the pin
374	controller subsystem will look up the corresponding pin number from the passed
375	in gpio number, and use the range's internals to retrieve a pin number. After
376	that, the subsystem passes it on to the pin control driver, so the driver
377	will get a pin number into its handled number range. Further it is also passed
378	the range ID value, so that the pin controller knows which range it should
379	deal with.
380	
381	Calling pinctrl_add_gpio_range from pinctrl driver is DEPRECATED. Please see
382	section 2.1 of Documentation/devicetree/bindings/gpio/gpio.txt on how to bind
383	pinctrl and gpio drivers.
384	
385	
386	PINMUX interfaces
387	=================
388	
389	These calls use the pinmux_* naming prefix.  No other calls should use that
390	prefix.
391	
392	
393	What is pinmuxing?
394	==================
395	
396	PINMUX, also known as padmux, ballmux, alternate functions or mission modes
397	is a way for chip vendors producing some kind of electrical packages to use
398	a certain physical pin (ball, pad, finger, etc) for multiple mutually exclusive
399	functions, depending on the application. By "application" in this context
400	we usually mean a way of soldering or wiring the package into an electronic
401	system, even though the framework makes it possible to also change the function
402	at runtime.
403	
404	Here is an example of a PGA (Pin Grid Array) chip seen from underneath:
405	
406	        A   B   C   D   E   F   G   H
407	      +---+
408	   8  | o | o   o   o   o   o   o   o
409	      |   |
410	   7  | o | o   o   o   o   o   o   o
411	      |   |
412	   6  | o | o   o   o   o   o   o   o
413	      +---+---+
414	   5  | o | o | o   o   o   o   o   o
415	      +---+---+               +---+
416	   4    o   o   o   o   o   o | o | o
417	                              |   |
418	   3    o   o   o   o   o   o | o | o
419	                              |   |
420	   2    o   o   o   o   o   o | o | o
421	      +-------+-------+-------+---+---+
422	   1  | o   o | o   o | o   o | o | o |
423	      +-------+-------+-------+---+---+
424	
425	This is not tetris. The game to think of is chess. Not all PGA/BGA packages
426	are chessboard-like, big ones have "holes" in some arrangement according to
427	different design patterns, but we're using this as a simple example. Of the
428	pins you see some will be taken by things like a few VCC and GND to feed power
429	to the chip, and quite a few will be taken by large ports like an external
430	memory interface. The remaining pins will often be subject to pin multiplexing.
431	
432	The example 8x8 PGA package above will have pin numbers 0 through 63 assigned
433	to its physical pins. It will name the pins { A1, A2, A3 ... H6, H7, H8 } using
434	pinctrl_register_pins() and a suitable data set as shown earlier.
435	
436	In this 8x8 BGA package the pins { A8, A7, A6, A5 } can be used as an SPI port
437	(these are four pins: CLK, RXD, TXD, FRM). In that case, pin B5 can be used as
438	some general-purpose GPIO pin. However, in another setting, pins { A5, B5 } can
439	be used as an I2C port (these are just two pins: SCL, SDA). Needless to say,
440	we cannot use the SPI port and I2C port at the same time. However in the inside
441	of the package the silicon performing the SPI logic can alternatively be routed
442	out on pins { G4, G3, G2, G1 }.
443	
444	On the bottom row at { A1, B1, C1, D1, E1, F1, G1, H1 } we have something
445	special - it's an external MMC bus that can be 2, 4 or 8 bits wide, and it will
446	consume 2, 4 or 8 pins respectively, so either { A1, B1 } are taken or
447	{ A1, B1, C1, D1 } or all of them. If we use all 8 bits, we cannot use the SPI
448	port on pins { G4, G3, G2, G1 } of course.
449	
450	This way the silicon blocks present inside the chip can be multiplexed "muxed"
451	out on different pin ranges. Often contemporary SoC (systems on chip) will
452	contain several I2C, SPI, SDIO/MMC, etc silicon blocks that can be routed to
453	different pins by pinmux settings.
454	
455	Since general-purpose I/O pins (GPIO) are typically always in shortage, it is
456	common to be able to use almost any pin as a GPIO pin if it is not currently
457	in use by some other I/O port.
458	
459	
460	Pinmux conventions
461	==================
462	
463	The purpose of the pinmux functionality in the pin controller subsystem is to
464	abstract and provide pinmux settings to the devices you choose to instantiate
465	in your machine configuration. It is inspired by the clk, GPIO and regulator
466	subsystems, so devices will request their mux setting, but it's also possible
467	to request a single pin for e.g. GPIO.
468	
469	Definitions:
470	
471	- FUNCTIONS can be switched in and out by a driver residing with the pin
472	  control subsystem in the drivers/pinctrl/* directory of the kernel. The
473	  pin control driver knows the possible functions. In the example above you can
474	  identify three pinmux functions, one for spi, one for i2c and one for mmc.
475	
476	- FUNCTIONS are assumed to be enumerable from zero in a one-dimensional array.
477	  In this case the array could be something like: { spi0, i2c0, mmc0 }
478	  for the three available functions.
479	
480	- FUNCTIONS have PIN GROUPS as defined on the generic level - so a certain
481	  function is *always* associated with a certain set of pin groups, could
482	  be just a single one, but could also be many. In the example above the
483	  function i2c is associated with the pins { A5, B5 }, enumerated as
484	  { 24, 25 } in the controller pin space.
485	
486	  The Function spi is associated with pin groups { A8, A7, A6, A5 }
487	  and { G4, G3, G2, G1 }, which are enumerated as { 0, 8, 16, 24 } and
488	  { 38, 46, 54, 62 } respectively.
489	
490	  Group names must be unique per pin controller, no two groups on the same
491	  controller may have the same name.
492	
493	- The combination of a FUNCTION and a PIN GROUP determine a certain function
494	  for a certain set of pins. The knowledge of the functions and pin groups
495	  and their machine-specific particulars are kept inside the pinmux driver,
496	  from the outside only the enumerators are known, and the driver core can
497	  request:
498	
499	  - The name of a function with a certain selector (>= 0)
500	  - A list of groups associated with a certain function
501	  - That a certain group in that list to be activated for a certain function
502	
503	  As already described above, pin groups are in turn self-descriptive, so
504	  the core will retrieve the actual pin range in a certain group from the
505	  driver.
506	
507	- FUNCTIONS and GROUPS on a certain PIN CONTROLLER are MAPPED to a certain
508	  device by the board file, device tree or similar machine setup configuration
509	  mechanism, similar to how regulators are connected to devices, usually by
510	  name. Defining a pin controller, function and group thus uniquely identify
511	  the set of pins to be used by a certain device. (If only one possible group
512	  of pins is available for the function, no group name need to be supplied -
513	  the core will simply select the first and only group available.)
514	
515	  In the example case we can define that this particular machine shall
516	  use device spi0 with pinmux function fspi0 group gspi0 and i2c0 on function
517	  fi2c0 group gi2c0, on the primary pin controller, we get mappings
518	  like these:
519	
520	  {
521	    {"map-spi0", spi0, pinctrl0, fspi0, gspi0},
522	    {"map-i2c0", i2c0, pinctrl0, fi2c0, gi2c0}
523	  }
524	
525	  Every map must be assigned a state name, pin controller, device and
526	  function. The group is not compulsory - if it is omitted the first group
527	  presented by the driver as applicable for the function will be selected,
528	  which is useful for simple cases.
529	
530	  It is possible to map several groups to the same combination of device,
531	  pin controller and function. This is for cases where a certain function on
532	  a certain pin controller may use different sets of pins in different
533	  configurations.
534	
535	- PINS for a certain FUNCTION using a certain PIN GROUP on a certain
536	  PIN CONTROLLER are provided on a first-come first-serve basis, so if some
537	  other device mux setting or GPIO pin request has already taken your physical
538	  pin, you will be denied the use of it. To get (activate) a new setting, the
539	  old one has to be put (deactivated) first.
540	
541	Sometimes the documentation and hardware registers will be oriented around
542	pads (or "fingers") rather than pins - these are the soldering surfaces on the
543	silicon inside the package, and may or may not match the actual number of
544	pins/balls underneath the capsule. Pick some enumeration that makes sense to
545	you. Define enumerators only for the pins you can control if that makes sense.
546	
547	Assumptions:
548	
549	We assume that the number of possible function maps to pin groups is limited by
550	the hardware. I.e. we assume that there is no system where any function can be
551	mapped to any pin, like in a phone exchange. So the available pin groups for
552	a certain function will be limited to a few choices (say up to eight or so),
553	not hundreds or any amount of choices. This is the characteristic we have found
554	by inspecting available pinmux hardware, and a necessary assumption since we
555	expect pinmux drivers to present *all* possible function vs pin group mappings
556	to the subsystem.
557	
558	
559	Pinmux drivers
560	==============
561	
562	The pinmux core takes care of preventing conflicts on pins and calling
563	the pin controller driver to execute different settings.
564	
565	It is the responsibility of the pinmux driver to impose further restrictions
566	(say for example infer electronic limitations due to load, etc.) to determine
567	whether or not the requested function can actually be allowed, and in case it
568	is possible to perform the requested mux setting, poke the hardware so that
569	this happens.
570	
571	Pinmux drivers are required to supply a few callback functions, some are
572	optional. Usually the set_mux() function is implemented, writing values into
573	some certain registers to activate a certain mux setting for a certain pin.
574	
575	A simple driver for the above example will work by setting bits 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4
576	into some register named MUX to select a certain function with a certain
577	group of pins would work something like this:
578	
579	#include <linux/pinctrl/pinctrl.h>
580	#include <linux/pinctrl/pinmux.h>
581	
582	struct foo_group {
583		const char *name;
584		const unsigned int *pins;
585		const unsigned num_pins;
586	};
587	
588	static const unsigned spi0_0_pins[] = { 0, 8, 16, 24 };
589	static const unsigned spi0_1_pins[] = { 38, 46, 54, 62 };
590	static const unsigned i2c0_pins[] = { 24, 25 };
591	static const unsigned mmc0_1_pins[] = { 56, 57 };
592	static const unsigned mmc0_2_pins[] = { 58, 59 };
593	static const unsigned mmc0_3_pins[] = { 60, 61, 62, 63 };
594	
595	static const struct foo_group foo_groups[] = {
596		{
597			.name = "spi0_0_grp",
598			.pins = spi0_0_pins,
599			.num_pins = ARRAY_SIZE(spi0_0_pins),
600		},
601		{
602			.name = "spi0_1_grp",
603			.pins = spi0_1_pins,
604			.num_pins = ARRAY_SIZE(spi0_1_pins),
605		},
606		{
607			.name = "i2c0_grp",
608			.pins = i2c0_pins,
609			.num_pins = ARRAY_SIZE(i2c0_pins),
610		},
611		{
612			.name = "mmc0_1_grp",
613			.pins = mmc0_1_pins,
614			.num_pins = ARRAY_SIZE(mmc0_1_pins),
615		},
616		{
617			.name = "mmc0_2_grp",
618			.pins = mmc0_2_pins,
619			.num_pins = ARRAY_SIZE(mmc0_2_pins),
620		},
621		{
622			.name = "mmc0_3_grp",
623			.pins = mmc0_3_pins,
624			.num_pins = ARRAY_SIZE(mmc0_3_pins),
625		},
626	};
627	
628	
629	static int foo_get_groups_count(struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev)
630	{
631		return ARRAY_SIZE(foo_groups);
632	}
633	
634	static const char *foo_get_group_name(struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev,
635					       unsigned selector)
636	{
637		return foo_groups[selector].name;
638	}
639	
640	static int foo_get_group_pins(struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev, unsigned selector,
641				       unsigned ** const pins,
642				       unsigned * const num_pins)
643	{
644		*pins = (unsigned *) foo_groups[selector].pins;
645		*num_pins = foo_groups[selector].num_pins;
646		return 0;
647	}
648	
649	static struct pinctrl_ops foo_pctrl_ops = {
650		.get_groups_count = foo_get_groups_count,
651		.get_group_name = foo_get_group_name,
652		.get_group_pins = foo_get_group_pins,
653	};
654	
655	struct foo_pmx_func {
656		const char *name;
657		const char * const *groups;
658		const unsigned num_groups;
659	};
660	
661	static const char * const spi0_groups[] = { "spi0_0_grp", "spi0_1_grp" };
662	static const char * const i2c0_groups[] = { "i2c0_grp" };
663	static const char * const mmc0_groups[] = { "mmc0_1_grp", "mmc0_2_grp",
664						"mmc0_3_grp" };
665	
666	static const struct foo_pmx_func foo_functions[] = {
667		{
668			.name = "spi0",
669			.groups = spi0_groups,
670			.num_groups = ARRAY_SIZE(spi0_groups),
671		},
672		{
673			.name = "i2c0",
674			.groups = i2c0_groups,
675			.num_groups = ARRAY_SIZE(i2c0_groups),
676		},
677		{
678			.name = "mmc0",
679			.groups = mmc0_groups,
680			.num_groups = ARRAY_SIZE(mmc0_groups),
681		},
682	};
683	
684	static int foo_get_functions_count(struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev)
685	{
686		return ARRAY_SIZE(foo_functions);
687	}
688	
689	static const char *foo_get_fname(struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev, unsigned selector)
690	{
691		return foo_functions[selector].name;
692	}
693	
694	static int foo_get_groups(struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev, unsigned selector,
695				  const char * const **groups,
696				  unsigned * const num_groups)
697	{
698		*groups = foo_functions[selector].groups;
699		*num_groups = foo_functions[selector].num_groups;
700		return 0;
701	}
702	
703	static int foo_set_mux(struct pinctrl_dev *pctldev, unsigned selector,
704			unsigned group)
705	{
706		u8 regbit = (1 << selector + group);
707	
708		writeb((readb(MUX)|regbit), MUX)
709		return 0;
710	}
711	
712	static struct pinmux_ops foo_pmxops = {
713		.get_functions_count = foo_get_functions_count,
714		.get_function_name = foo_get_fname,
715		.get_function_groups = foo_get_groups,
716		.set_mux = foo_set_mux,
717		.strict = true,
718	};
719	
720	/* Pinmux operations are handled by some pin controller */
721	static struct pinctrl_desc foo_desc = {
722		...
723		.pctlops = &foo_pctrl_ops,
724		.pmxops = &foo_pmxops,
725	};
726	
727	In the example activating muxing 0 and 1 at the same time setting bits
728	0 and 1, uses one pin in common so they would collide.
729	
730	The beauty of the pinmux subsystem is that since it keeps track of all
731	pins and who is using them, it will already have denied an impossible
732	request like that, so the driver does not need to worry about such
733	things - when it gets a selector passed in, the pinmux subsystem makes
734	sure no other device or GPIO assignment is already using the selected
735	pins. Thus bits 0 and 1 in the control register will never be set at the
736	same time.
737	
738	All the above functions are mandatory to implement for a pinmux driver.
739	
740	
741	Pin control interaction with the GPIO subsystem
742	===============================================
743	
744	Note that the following implies that the use case is to use a certain pin
745	from the Linux kernel using the API in <linux/gpio.h> with gpio_request()
746	and similar functions. There are cases where you may be using something
747	that your datasheet calls "GPIO mode", but actually is just an electrical
748	configuration for a certain device. See the section below named
749	"GPIO mode pitfalls" for more details on this scenario.
750	
751	The public pinmux API contains two functions named pinctrl_request_gpio()
752	and pinctrl_free_gpio(). These two functions shall *ONLY* be called from
753	gpiolib-based drivers as part of their gpio_request() and
754	gpio_free() semantics. Likewise the pinctrl_gpio_direction_[input|output]
755	shall only be called from within respective gpio_direction_[input|output]
756	gpiolib implementation.
757	
758	NOTE that platforms and individual drivers shall *NOT* request GPIO pins to be
759	controlled e.g. muxed in. Instead, implement a proper gpiolib driver and have
760	that driver request proper muxing and other control for its pins.
761	
762	The function list could become long, especially if you can convert every
763	individual pin into a GPIO pin independent of any other pins, and then try
764	the approach to define every pin as a function.
765	
766	In this case, the function array would become 64 entries for each GPIO
767	setting and then the device functions.
768	
769	For this reason there are two functions a pin control driver can implement
770	to enable only GPIO on an individual pin: .gpio_request_enable() and
771	.gpio_disable_free().
772	
773	This function will pass in the affected GPIO range identified by the pin
774	controller core, so you know which GPIO pins are being affected by the request
775	operation.
776	
777	If your driver needs to have an indication from the framework of whether the
778	GPIO pin shall be used for input or output you can implement the
779	.gpio_set_direction() function. As described this shall be called from the
780	gpiolib driver and the affected GPIO range, pin offset and desired direction
781	will be passed along to this function.
782	
783	Alternatively to using these special functions, it is fully allowed to use
784	named functions for each GPIO pin, the pinctrl_request_gpio() will attempt to
785	obtain the function "gpioN" where "N" is the global GPIO pin number if no
786	special GPIO-handler is registered.
787	
788	
789	GPIO mode pitfalls
790	==================
791	
792	Due to the naming conventions used by hardware engineers, where "GPIO"
793	is taken to mean different things than what the kernel does, the developer
794	may be confused by a datasheet talking about a pin being possible to set
795	into "GPIO mode". It appears that what hardware engineers mean with
796	"GPIO mode" is not necessarily the use case that is implied in the kernel
797	interface <linux/gpio.h>: a pin that you grab from kernel code and then
798	either listen for input or drive high/low to assert/deassert some
799	external line.
800	
801	Rather hardware engineers think that "GPIO mode" means that you can
802	software-control a few electrical properties of the pin that you would
803	not be able to control if the pin was in some other mode, such as muxed in
804	for a device.
805	
806	The GPIO portions of a pin and its relation to a certain pin controller
807	configuration and muxing logic can be constructed in several ways. Here
808	are two examples:
809	
810	(A)
811	                       pin config
812	                       logic regs
813	                       |               +- SPI
814	     Physical pins --- pad --- pinmux -+- I2C
815	                               |       +- mmc
816	                               |       +- GPIO
817	                               pin
818	                               multiplex
819	                               logic regs
820	
821	Here some electrical properties of the pin can be configured no matter
822	whether the pin is used for GPIO or not. If you multiplex a GPIO onto a
823	pin, you can also drive it high/low from "GPIO" registers.
824	Alternatively, the pin can be controlled by a certain peripheral, while
825	still applying desired pin config properties. GPIO functionality is thus
826	orthogonal to any other device using the pin.
827	
828	In this arrangement the registers for the GPIO portions of the pin controller,
829	or the registers for the GPIO hardware module are likely to reside in a
830	separate memory range only intended for GPIO driving, and the register
831	range dealing with pin config and pin multiplexing get placed into a
832	different memory range and a separate section of the data sheet.
833	
834	A flag "strict" in struct pinmux_ops is available to check and deny
835	simultaneous access to the same pin from GPIO and pin multiplexing
836	consumers on hardware of this type. The pinctrl driver should set this flag
837	accordingly.
838	
839	(B)
840	
841	                       pin config
842	                       logic regs
843	                       |               +- SPI
844	     Physical pins --- pad --- pinmux -+- I2C
845	                       |       |       +- mmc
846	                       |       |
847	                       GPIO    pin
848	                               multiplex
849	                               logic regs
850	
851	In this arrangement, the GPIO functionality can always be enabled, such that
852	e.g. a GPIO input can be used to "spy" on the SPI/I2C/MMC signal while it is
853	pulsed out. It is likely possible to disrupt the traffic on the pin by doing
854	wrong things on the GPIO block, as it is never really disconnected. It is
855	possible that the GPIO, pin config and pin multiplex registers are placed into
856	the same memory range and the same section of the data sheet, although that
857	need not be the case.
858	
859	In some pin controllers, although the physical pins are designed in the same
860	way as (B), the GPIO function still can't be enabled at the same time as the
861	peripheral functions. So again the "strict" flag should be set, denying
862	simultaneous activation by GPIO and other muxed in devices.
863	
864	From a kernel point of view, however, these are different aspects of the
865	hardware and shall be put into different subsystems:
866	
867	- Registers (or fields within registers) that control electrical
868	  properties of the pin such as biasing and drive strength should be
869	  exposed through the pinctrl subsystem, as "pin configuration" settings.
870	
871	- Registers (or fields within registers) that control muxing of signals
872	  from various other HW blocks (e.g. I2C, MMC, or GPIO) onto pins should
873	  be exposed through the pinctrl subsystem, as mux functions.
874	
875	- Registers (or fields within registers) that control GPIO functionality
876	  such as setting a GPIO's output value, reading a GPIO's input value, or
877	  setting GPIO pin direction should be exposed through the GPIO subsystem,
878	  and if they also support interrupt capabilities, through the irqchip
879	  abstraction.
880	
881	Depending on the exact HW register design, some functions exposed by the
882	GPIO subsystem may call into the pinctrl subsystem in order to
883	co-ordinate register settings across HW modules. In particular, this may
884	be needed for HW with separate GPIO and pin controller HW modules, where
885	e.g. GPIO direction is determined by a register in the pin controller HW
886	module rather than the GPIO HW module.
887	
888	Electrical properties of the pin such as biasing and drive strength
889	may be placed at some pin-specific register in all cases or as part
890	of the GPIO register in case (B) especially. This doesn't mean that such
891	properties necessarily pertain to what the Linux kernel calls "GPIO".
892	
893	Example: a pin is usually muxed in to be used as a UART TX line. But during
894	system sleep, we need to put this pin into "GPIO mode" and ground it.
895	
896	If you make a 1-to-1 map to the GPIO subsystem for this pin, you may start
897	to think that you need to come up with something really complex, that the
898	pin shall be used for UART TX and GPIO at the same time, that you will grab
899	a pin control handle and set it to a certain state to enable UART TX to be
900	muxed in, then twist it over to GPIO mode and use gpio_direction_output()
901	to drive it low during sleep, then mux it over to UART TX again when you
902	wake up and maybe even gpio_request/gpio_free as part of this cycle. This
903	all gets very complicated.
904	
905	The solution is to not think that what the datasheet calls "GPIO mode"
906	has to be handled by the <linux/gpio.h> interface. Instead view this as
907	a certain pin config setting. Look in e.g. <linux/pinctrl/pinconf-generic.h>
908	and you find this in the documentation:
909	
910	  PIN_CONFIG_OUTPUT: this will configure the pin in output, use argument
911	     1 to indicate high level, argument 0 to indicate low level.
912	
913	So it is perfectly possible to push a pin into "GPIO mode" and drive the
914	line low as part of the usual pin control map. So for example your UART
915	driver may look like this:
916	
917	#include <linux/pinctrl/consumer.h>
918	
919	struct pinctrl          *pinctrl;
920	struct pinctrl_state    *pins_default;
921	struct pinctrl_state    *pins_sleep;
922	
923	pins_default = pinctrl_lookup_state(uap->pinctrl, PINCTRL_STATE_DEFAULT);
924	pins_sleep = pinctrl_lookup_state(uap->pinctrl, PINCTRL_STATE_SLEEP);
925	
926	/* Normal mode */
927	retval = pinctrl_select_state(pinctrl, pins_default);
928	/* Sleep mode */
929	retval = pinctrl_select_state(pinctrl, pins_sleep);
930	
931	And your machine configuration may look like this:
932	--------------------------------------------------
933	
934	static unsigned long uart_default_mode[] = {
935	    PIN_CONF_PACKED(PIN_CONFIG_DRIVE_PUSH_PULL, 0),
936	};
937	
938	static unsigned long uart_sleep_mode[] = {
939	    PIN_CONF_PACKED(PIN_CONFIG_OUTPUT, 0),
940	};
941	
942	static struct pinctrl_map pinmap[] __initdata = {
943	    PIN_MAP_MUX_GROUP("uart", PINCTRL_STATE_DEFAULT, "pinctrl-foo",
944	                      "u0_group", "u0"),
945	    PIN_MAP_CONFIGS_PIN("uart", PINCTRL_STATE_DEFAULT, "pinctrl-foo",
946	                        "UART_TX_PIN", uart_default_mode),
947	    PIN_MAP_MUX_GROUP("uart", PINCTRL_STATE_SLEEP, "pinctrl-foo",
948	                      "u0_group", "gpio-mode"),
949	    PIN_MAP_CONFIGS_PIN("uart", PINCTRL_STATE_SLEEP, "pinctrl-foo",
950	                        "UART_TX_PIN", uart_sleep_mode),
951	};
952	
953	foo_init(void) {
954	    pinctrl_register_mappings(pinmap, ARRAY_SIZE(pinmap));
955	}
956	
957	Here the pins we want to control are in the "u0_group" and there is some
958	function called "u0" that can be enabled on this group of pins, and then
959	everything is UART business as usual. But there is also some function
960	named "gpio-mode" that can be mapped onto the same pins to move them into
961	GPIO mode.
962	
963	This will give the desired effect without any bogus interaction with the
964	GPIO subsystem. It is just an electrical configuration used by that device
965	when going to sleep, it might imply that the pin is set into something the
966	datasheet calls "GPIO mode", but that is not the point: it is still used
967	by that UART device to control the pins that pertain to that very UART
968	driver, putting them into modes needed by the UART. GPIO in the Linux
969	kernel sense are just some 1-bit line, and is a different use case.
970	
971	How the registers are poked to attain the push or pull, and output low
972	configuration and the muxing of the "u0" or "gpio-mode" group onto these
973	pins is a question for the driver.
974	
975	Some datasheets will be more helpful and refer to the "GPIO mode" as
976	"low power mode" rather than anything to do with GPIO. This often means
977	the same thing electrically speaking, but in this latter case the
978	software engineers will usually quickly identify that this is some
979	specific muxing or configuration rather than anything related to the GPIO
980	API.
981	
982	
983	Board/machine configuration
984	==================================
985	
986	Boards and machines define how a certain complete running system is put
987	together, including how GPIOs and devices are muxed, how regulators are
988	constrained and how the clock tree looks. Of course pinmux settings are also
989	part of this.
990	
991	A pin controller configuration for a machine looks pretty much like a simple
992	regulator configuration, so for the example array above we want to enable i2c
993	and spi on the second function mapping:
994	
995	#include <linux/pinctrl/machine.h>
996	
997	static const struct pinctrl_map mapping[] __initconst = {
998		{
999			.dev_name = "foo-spi.0",
1000			.name = PINCTRL_STATE_DEFAULT,
1001			.type = PIN_MAP_TYPE_MUX_GROUP,
1002			.ctrl_dev_name = "pinctrl-foo",
1003			.data.mux.function = "spi0",
1004		},
1005		{
1006			.dev_name = "foo-i2c.0",
1007			.name = PINCTRL_STATE_DEFAULT,
1008			.type = PIN_MAP_TYPE_MUX_GROUP,
1009			.ctrl_dev_name = "pinctrl-foo",
1010			.data.mux.function = "i2c0",
1011		},
1012		{
1013			.dev_name = "foo-mmc.0",
1014			.name = PINCTRL_STATE_DEFAULT,
1015			.type = PIN_MAP_TYPE_MUX_GROUP,
1016			.ctrl_dev_name = "pinctrl-foo",
1017			.data.mux.function = "mmc0",
1018		},
1019	};
1020	
1021	The dev_name here matches to the unique device name that can be used to look
1022	up the device struct (just like with clockdev or regulators). The function name
1023	must match a function provided by the pinmux driver handling this pin range.
1024	
1025	As you can see we may have several pin controllers on the system and thus
1026	we need to specify which one of them contains the functions we wish to map.
1027	
1028	You register this pinmux mapping to the pinmux subsystem by simply:
1029	
1030	       ret = pinctrl_register_mappings(mapping, ARRAY_SIZE(mapping));
1031	
1032	Since the above construct is pretty common there is a helper macro to make
1033	it even more compact which assumes you want to use pinctrl-foo and position
1034	0 for mapping, for example:
1035	
1036	static struct pinctrl_map mapping[] __initdata = {
1037		PIN_MAP_MUX_GROUP("foo-i2c.o", PINCTRL_STATE_DEFAULT, "pinctrl-foo", NULL, "i2c0"),
1038	};
1039	
1040	The mapping table may also contain pin configuration entries. It's common for
1041	each pin/group to have a number of configuration entries that affect it, so
1042	the table entries for configuration reference an array of config parameters
1043	and values. An example using the convenience macros is shown below:
1044	
1045	static unsigned long i2c_grp_configs[] = {
1046		FOO_PIN_DRIVEN,
1047		FOO_PIN_PULLUP,
1048	};
1049	
1050	static unsigned long i2c_pin_configs[] = {
1051		FOO_OPEN_COLLECTOR,
1052		FOO_SLEW_RATE_SLOW,
1053	};
1054	
1055	static struct pinctrl_map mapping[] __initdata = {
1056		PIN_MAP_MUX_GROUP("foo-i2c.0", PINCTRL_STATE_DEFAULT, "pinctrl-foo", "i2c0", "i2c0"),
1057		PIN_MAP_CONFIGS_GROUP("foo-i2c.0", PINCTRL_STATE_DEFAULT, "pinctrl-foo", "i2c0", i2c_grp_configs),
1058		PIN_MAP_CONFIGS_PIN("foo-i2c.0", PINCTRL_STATE_DEFAULT, "pinctrl-foo", "i2c0scl", i2c_pin_configs),
1059		PIN_MAP_CONFIGS_PIN("foo-i2c.0", PINCTRL_STATE_DEFAULT, "pinctrl-foo", "i2c0sda", i2c_pin_configs),
1060	};
1061	
1062	Finally, some devices expect the mapping table to contain certain specific
1063	named states. When running on hardware that doesn't need any pin controller
1064	configuration, the mapping table must still contain those named states, in
1065	order to explicitly indicate that the states were provided and intended to
1066	be empty. Table entry macro PIN_MAP_DUMMY_STATE serves the purpose of defining
1067	a named state without causing any pin controller to be programmed:
1068	
1069	static struct pinctrl_map mapping[] __initdata = {
1070		PIN_MAP_DUMMY_STATE("foo-i2c.0", PINCTRL_STATE_DEFAULT),
1071	};
1072	
1073	
1074	Complex mappings
1075	================
1076	
1077	As it is possible to map a function to different groups of pins an optional
1078	.group can be specified like this:
1079	
1080	...
1081	{
1082		.dev_name = "foo-spi.0",
1083		.name = "spi0-pos-A",
1084		.type = PIN_MAP_TYPE_MUX_GROUP,
1085		.ctrl_dev_name = "pinctrl-foo",
1086		.function = "spi0",
1087		.group = "spi0_0_grp",
1088	},
1089	{
1090		.dev_name = "foo-spi.0",
1091		.name = "spi0-pos-B",
1092		.type = PIN_MAP_TYPE_MUX_GROUP,
1093		.ctrl_dev_name = "pinctrl-foo",
1094		.function = "spi0",
1095		.group = "spi0_1_grp",
1096	},
1097	...
1098	
1099	This example mapping is used to switch between two positions for spi0 at
1100	runtime, as described further below under the heading "Runtime pinmuxing".
1101	
1102	Further it is possible for one named state to affect the muxing of several
1103	groups of pins, say for example in the mmc0 example above, where you can
1104	additively expand the mmc0 bus from 2 to 4 to 8 pins. If we want to use all
1105	three groups for a total of 2+2+4 = 8 pins (for an 8-bit MMC bus as is the
1106	case), we define a mapping like this:
1107	
1108	...
1109	{
1110		.dev_name = "foo-mmc.0",
1111		.name = "2bit"
1112		.type = PIN_MAP_TYPE_MUX_GROUP,
1113		.ctrl_dev_name = "pinctrl-foo",
1114		.function = "mmc0",
1115		.group = "mmc0_1_grp",
1116	},
1117	{
1118		.dev_name = "foo-mmc.0",
1119		.name = "4bit"
1120		.type = PIN_MAP_TYPE_MUX_GROUP,
1121		.ctrl_dev_name = "pinctrl-foo",
1122		.function = "mmc0",
1123		.group = "mmc0_1_grp",
1124	},
1125	{
1126		.dev_name = "foo-mmc.0",
1127		.name = "4bit"
1128		.type = PIN_MAP_TYPE_MUX_GROUP,
1129		.ctrl_dev_name = "pinctrl-foo",
1130		.function = "mmc0",
1131		.group = "mmc0_2_grp",
1132	},
1133	{
1134		.dev_name = "foo-mmc.0",
1135		.name = "8bit"
1136		.type = PIN_MAP_TYPE_MUX_GROUP,
1137		.ctrl_dev_name = "pinctrl-foo",
1138		.function = "mmc0",
1139		.group = "mmc0_1_grp",
1140	},
1141	{
1142		.dev_name = "foo-mmc.0",
1143		.name = "8bit"
1144		.type = PIN_MAP_TYPE_MUX_GROUP,
1145		.ctrl_dev_name = "pinctrl-foo",
1146		.function = "mmc0",
1147		.group = "mmc0_2_grp",
1148	},
1149	{
1150		.dev_name = "foo-mmc.0",
1151		.name = "8bit"
1152		.type = PIN_MAP_TYPE_MUX_GROUP,
1153		.ctrl_dev_name = "pinctrl-foo",
1154		.function = "mmc0",
1155		.group = "mmc0_3_grp",
1156	},
1157	...
1158	
1159	The result of grabbing this mapping from the device with something like
1160	this (see next paragraph):
1161	
1162		p = devm_pinctrl_get(dev);
1163		s = pinctrl_lookup_state(p, "8bit");
1164		ret = pinctrl_select_state(p, s);
1165	
1166	or more simply:
1167	
1168		p = devm_pinctrl_get_select(dev, "8bit");
1169	
1170	Will be that you activate all the three bottom records in the mapping at
1171	once. Since they share the same name, pin controller device, function and
1172	device, and since we allow multiple groups to match to a single device, they
1173	all get selected, and they all get enabled and disable simultaneously by the
1174	pinmux core.
1175	
1176	
1177	Pin control requests from drivers
1178	=================================
1179	
1180	When a device driver is about to probe the device core will automatically
1181	attempt to issue pinctrl_get_select_default() on these devices.
1182	This way driver writers do not need to add any of the boilerplate code
1183	of the type found below. However when doing fine-grained state selection
1184	and not using the "default" state, you may have to do some device driver
1185	handling of the pinctrl handles and states.
1186	
1187	So if you just want to put the pins for a certain device into the default
1188	state and be done with it, there is nothing you need to do besides
1189	providing the proper mapping table. The device core will take care of
1190	the rest.
1191	
1192	Generally it is discouraged to let individual drivers get and enable pin
1193	control. So if possible, handle the pin control in platform code or some other
1194	place where you have access to all the affected struct device * pointers. In
1195	some cases where a driver needs to e.g. switch between different mux mappings
1196	at runtime this is not possible.
1197	
1198	A typical case is if a driver needs to switch bias of pins from normal
1199	operation and going to sleep, moving from the PINCTRL_STATE_DEFAULT to
1200	PINCTRL_STATE_SLEEP at runtime, re-biasing or even re-muxing pins to save
1201	current in sleep mode.
1202	
1203	A driver may request a certain control state to be activated, usually just the
1204	default state like this:
1205	
1206	#include <linux/pinctrl/consumer.h>
1207	
1208	struct foo_state {
1209	       struct pinctrl *p;
1210	       struct pinctrl_state *s;
1211	       ...
1212	};
1213	
1214	foo_probe()
1215	{
1216		/* Allocate a state holder named "foo" etc */
1217		struct foo_state *foo = ...;
1218	
1219		foo->p = devm_pinctrl_get(&device);
1220		if (IS_ERR(foo->p)) {
1221			/* FIXME: clean up "foo" here */
1222			return PTR_ERR(foo->p);
1223		}
1224	
1225		foo->s = pinctrl_lookup_state(foo->p, PINCTRL_STATE_DEFAULT);
1226		if (IS_ERR(foo->s)) {
1227			/* FIXME: clean up "foo" here */
1228			return PTR_ERR(s);
1229		}
1230	
1231		ret = pinctrl_select_state(foo->s);
1232		if (ret < 0) {
1233			/* FIXME: clean up "foo" here */
1234			return ret;
1235		}
1236	}
1237	
1238	This get/lookup/select/put sequence can just as well be handled by bus drivers
1239	if you don't want each and every driver to handle it and you know the
1240	arrangement on your bus.
1241	
1242	The semantics of the pinctrl APIs are:
1243	
1244	- pinctrl_get() is called in process context to obtain a handle to all pinctrl
1245	  information for a given client device. It will allocate a struct from the
1246	  kernel memory to hold the pinmux state. All mapping table parsing or similar
1247	  slow operations take place within this API.
1248	
1249	- devm_pinctrl_get() is a variant of pinctrl_get() that causes pinctrl_put()
1250	  to be called automatically on the retrieved pointer when the associated
1251	  device is removed. It is recommended to use this function over plain
1252	  pinctrl_get().
1253	
1254	- pinctrl_lookup_state() is called in process context to obtain a handle to a
1255	  specific state for a client device. This operation may be slow, too.
1256	
1257	- pinctrl_select_state() programs pin controller hardware according to the
1258	  definition of the state as given by the mapping table. In theory, this is a
1259	  fast-path operation, since it only involved blasting some register settings
1260	  into hardware. However, note that some pin controllers may have their
1261	  registers on a slow/IRQ-based bus, so client devices should not assume they
1262	  can call pinctrl_select_state() from non-blocking contexts.
1263	
1264	- pinctrl_put() frees all information associated with a pinctrl handle.
1265	
1266	- devm_pinctrl_put() is a variant of pinctrl_put() that may be used to
1267	  explicitly destroy a pinctrl object returned by devm_pinctrl_get().
1268	  However, use of this function will be rare, due to the automatic cleanup
1269	  that will occur even without calling it.
1270	
1271	  pinctrl_get() must be paired with a plain pinctrl_put().
1272	  pinctrl_get() may not be paired with devm_pinctrl_put().
1273	  devm_pinctrl_get() can optionally be paired with devm_pinctrl_put().
1274	  devm_pinctrl_get() may not be paired with plain pinctrl_put().
1275	
1276	Usually the pin control core handled the get/put pair and call out to the
1277	device drivers bookkeeping operations, like checking available functions and
1278	the associated pins, whereas select_state pass on to the pin controller
1279	driver which takes care of activating and/or deactivating the mux setting by
1280	quickly poking some registers.
1281	
1282	The pins are allocated for your device when you issue the devm_pinctrl_get()
1283	call, after this you should be able to see this in the debugfs listing of all
1284	pins.
1285	
1286	NOTE: the pinctrl system will return -EPROBE_DEFER if it cannot find the
1287	requested pinctrl handles, for example if the pinctrl driver has not yet
1288	registered. Thus make sure that the error path in your driver gracefully
1289	cleans up and is ready to retry the probing later in the startup process.
1290	
1291	
1292	Drivers needing both pin control and GPIOs
1293	==========================================
1294	
1295	Again, it is discouraged to let drivers lookup and select pin control states
1296	themselves, but again sometimes this is unavoidable.
1297	
1298	So say that your driver is fetching its resources like this:
1299	
1300	#include <linux/pinctrl/consumer.h>
1301	#include <linux/gpio.h>
1302	
1303	struct pinctrl *pinctrl;
1304	int gpio;
1305	
1306	pinctrl = devm_pinctrl_get_select_default(&dev);
1307	gpio = devm_gpio_request(&dev, 14, "foo");
1308	
1309	Here we first request a certain pin state and then request GPIO 14 to be
1310	used. If you're using the subsystems orthogonally like this, you should
1311	nominally always get your pinctrl handle and select the desired pinctrl
1312	state BEFORE requesting the GPIO. This is a semantic convention to avoid
1313	situations that can be electrically unpleasant, you will certainly want to
1314	mux in and bias pins in a certain way before the GPIO subsystems starts to
1315	deal with them.
1316	
1317	The above can be hidden: using the device core, the pinctrl core may be
1318	setting up the config and muxing for the pins right before the device is
1319	probing, nevertheless orthogonal to the GPIO subsystem.
1320	
1321	But there are also situations where it makes sense for the GPIO subsystem
1322	to communicate directly with the pinctrl subsystem, using the latter as a
1323	back-end. This is when the GPIO driver may call out to the functions
1324	described in the section "Pin control interaction with the GPIO subsystem"
1325	above. This only involves per-pin multiplexing, and will be completely
1326	hidden behind the gpio_*() function namespace. In this case, the driver
1327	need not interact with the pin control subsystem at all.
1328	
1329	If a pin control driver and a GPIO driver is dealing with the same pins
1330	and the use cases involve multiplexing, you MUST implement the pin controller
1331	as a back-end for the GPIO driver like this, unless your hardware design
1332	is such that the GPIO controller can override the pin controller's
1333	multiplexing state through hardware without the need to interact with the
1334	pin control system.
1335	
1336	
1337	System pin control hogging
1338	==========================
1339	
1340	Pin control map entries can be hogged by the core when the pin controller
1341	is registered. This means that the core will attempt to call pinctrl_get(),
1342	lookup_state() and select_state() on it immediately after the pin control
1343	device has been registered.
1344	
1345	This occurs for mapping table entries where the client device name is equal
1346	to the pin controller device name, and the state name is PINCTRL_STATE_DEFAULT.
1347	
1348	{
1349		.dev_name = "pinctrl-foo",
1350		.name = PINCTRL_STATE_DEFAULT,
1351		.type = PIN_MAP_TYPE_MUX_GROUP,
1352		.ctrl_dev_name = "pinctrl-foo",
1353		.function = "power_func",
1354	},
1355	
1356	Since it may be common to request the core to hog a few always-applicable
1357	mux settings on the primary pin controller, there is a convenience macro for
1358	this:
1359	
1360	PIN_MAP_MUX_GROUP_HOG_DEFAULT("pinctrl-foo", NULL /* group */, "power_func")
1361	
1362	This gives the exact same result as the above construction.
1363	
1364	
1365	Runtime pinmuxing
1366	=================
1367	
1368	It is possible to mux a certain function in and out at runtime, say to move
1369	an SPI port from one set of pins to another set of pins. Say for example for
1370	spi0 in the example above, we expose two different groups of pins for the same
1371	function, but with different named in the mapping as described under
1372	"Advanced mapping" above. So that for an SPI device, we have two states named
1373	"pos-A" and "pos-B".
1374	
1375	This snippet first initializes a state object for both groups (in foo_probe()),
1376	then muxes the function in the pins defined by group A, and finally muxes it in
1377	on the pins defined by group B:
1378	
1379	#include <linux/pinctrl/consumer.h>
1380	
1381	struct pinctrl *p;
1382	struct pinctrl_state *s1, *s2;
1383	
1384	foo_probe()
1385	{
1386		/* Setup */
1387		p = devm_pinctrl_get(&device);
1388		if (IS_ERR(p))
1389			...
1390	
1391		s1 = pinctrl_lookup_state(foo->p, "pos-A");
1392		if (IS_ERR(s1))
1393			...
1394	
1395		s2 = pinctrl_lookup_state(foo->p, "pos-B");
1396		if (IS_ERR(s2))
1397			...
1398	}
1399	
1400	foo_switch()
1401	{
1402		/* Enable on position A */
1403		ret = pinctrl_select_state(s1);
1404		if (ret < 0)
1405		    ...
1406	
1407		...
1408	
1409		/* Enable on position B */
1410		ret = pinctrl_select_state(s2);
1411		if (ret < 0)
1412		    ...
1413	
1414		...
1415	}
1416	
1417	The above has to be done from process context. The reservation of the pins
1418	will be done when the state is activated, so in effect one specific pin
1419	can be used by different functions at different times on a running system.
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