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Based on kernel version 3.9. Page generated on 2013-05-02 23:07 EST.

	HOWTO do Linux kernel development
	---------------------------------
	
	This is the be-all, end-all document on this topic.  It contains
	instructions on how to become a Linux kernel developer and how to learn
	to work with the Linux kernel development community.  It tries to not
	contain anything related to the technical aspects of kernel programming,
	but will help point you in the right direction for that.
	
	If anything in this document becomes out of date, please send in patches
	to the maintainer of this file, who is listed at the bottom of the
	document.
	
	
	Introduction
	------------
	
	So, you want to learn how to become a Linux kernel developer?  Or you
	have been told by your manager, "Go write a Linux driver for this
	device."  This document's goal is to teach you everything you need to
	know to achieve this by describing the process you need to go through,
	and hints on how to work with the community.  It will also try to
	explain some of the reasons why the community works like it does.
	
	The kernel is written mostly in C, with some architecture-dependent
	parts written in assembly. A good understanding of C is required for
	kernel development.  Assembly (any architecture) is not required unless
	you plan to do low-level development for that architecture.  Though they
	are not a good substitute for a solid C education and/or years of
	experience, the following books are good for, if anything, reference:
	 - "The C Programming Language" by Kernighan and Ritchie [Prentice Hall]
	 - "Practical C Programming" by Steve Oualline [O'Reilly]
	 - "C:  A Reference Manual" by Harbison and Steele [Prentice Hall]
	
	The kernel is written using GNU C and the GNU toolchain.  While it
	adheres to the ISO C89 standard, it uses a number of extensions that are
	not featured in the standard.  The kernel is a freestanding C
	environment, with no reliance on the standard C library, so some
	portions of the C standard are not supported.  Arbitrary long long
	divisions and floating point are not allowed.  It can sometimes be
	difficult to understand the assumptions the kernel has on the toolchain
	and the extensions that it uses, and unfortunately there is no
	definitive reference for them.  Please check the gcc info pages (`info
	gcc`) for some information on them.
	
	Please remember that you are trying to learn how to work with the
	existing development community.  It is a diverse group of people, with
	high standards for coding, style and procedure.  These standards have
	been created over time based on what they have found to work best for
	such a large and geographically dispersed team.  Try to learn as much as
	possible about these standards ahead of time, as they are well
	documented; do not expect people to adapt to you or your company's way
	of doing things.
	
	
	Legal Issues
	------------
	
	The Linux kernel source code is released under the GPL.  Please see the
	file, COPYING, in the main directory of the source tree, for details on
	the license.  If you have further questions about the license, please
	contact a lawyer, and do not ask on the Linux kernel mailing list.  The
	people on the mailing lists are not lawyers, and you should not rely on
	their statements on legal matters.
	
	For common questions and answers about the GPL, please see:
		http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html
	
	
	Documentation
	------------
	
	The Linux kernel source tree has a large range of documents that are
	invaluable for learning how to interact with the kernel community.  When
	new features are added to the kernel, it is recommended that new
	documentation files are also added which explain how to use the feature.
	When a kernel change causes the interface that the kernel exposes to
	userspace to change, it is recommended that you send the information or
	a patch to the manual pages explaining the change to the manual pages
	maintainer at mtk.manpages@gmail.com, and CC the list
	linux-api@vger.kernel.org.
	
	Here is a list of files that are in the kernel source tree that are
	required reading:
	  README
	    This file gives a short background on the Linux kernel and describes
	    what is necessary to do to configure and build the kernel.  People
	    who are new to the kernel should start here.
	
	  Documentation/Changes
	    This file gives a list of the minimum levels of various software
	    packages that are necessary to build and run the kernel
	    successfully.
	
	  Documentation/CodingStyle
	    This describes the Linux kernel coding style, and some of the
	    rationale behind it. All new code is expected to follow the
	    guidelines in this document. Most maintainers will only accept
	    patches if these rules are followed, and many people will only
	    review code if it is in the proper style.
	
	  Documentation/SubmittingPatches
	  Documentation/SubmittingDrivers
	    These files describe in explicit detail how to successfully create
	    and send a patch, including (but not limited to):
	       - Email contents
	       - Email format
	       - Who to send it to
	    Following these rules will not guarantee success (as all patches are
	    subject to scrutiny for content and style), but not following them
	    will almost always prevent it.
	
	    Other excellent descriptions of how to create patches properly are:
		"The Perfect Patch"
			http://userweb.kernel.org/~akpm/stuff/tpp.txt
		"Linux kernel patch submission format"
			http://linux.yyz.us/patch-format.html
	
	  Documentation/stable_api_nonsense.txt
	    This file describes the rationale behind the conscious decision to
	    not have a stable API within the kernel, including things like:
	      - Subsystem shim-layers (for compatibility?)
	      - Driver portability between Operating Systems.
	      - Mitigating rapid change within the kernel source tree (or
		preventing rapid change)
	    This document is crucial for understanding the Linux development
	    philosophy and is very important for people moving to Linux from
	    development on other Operating Systems.
	
	  Documentation/SecurityBugs
	    If you feel you have found a security problem in the Linux kernel,
	    please follow the steps in this document to help notify the kernel
	    developers, and help solve the issue.
	
	  Documentation/ManagementStyle
	    This document describes how Linux kernel maintainers operate and the
	    shared ethos behind their methodologies.  This is important reading
	    for anyone new to kernel development (or anyone simply curious about
	    it), as it resolves a lot of common misconceptions and confusion
	    about the unique behavior of kernel maintainers.
	
	  Documentation/stable_kernel_rules.txt
	    This file describes the rules on how the stable kernel releases
	    happen, and what to do if you want to get a change into one of these
	    releases.
	
	  Documentation/kernel-docs.txt
	    A list of external documentation that pertains to kernel
	    development.  Please consult this list if you do not find what you
	    are looking for within the in-kernel documentation.
	
	  Documentation/applying-patches.txt
	    A good introduction describing exactly what a patch is and how to
	    apply it to the different development branches of the kernel.
	
	The kernel also has a large number of documents that can be
	automatically generated from the source code itself.  This includes a
	full description of the in-kernel API, and rules on how to handle
	locking properly.  The documents will be created in the
	Documentation/DocBook/ directory and can be generated as PDF,
	Postscript, HTML, and man pages by running:
		make pdfdocs
		make psdocs
		make htmldocs
		make mandocs
	respectively from the main kernel source directory.
	
	
	Becoming A Kernel Developer
	---------------------------
	
	If you do not know anything about Linux kernel development, you should
	look at the Linux KernelNewbies project:
		http://kernelnewbies.org
	It consists of a helpful mailing list where you can ask almost any type
	of basic kernel development question (make sure to search the archives
	first, before asking something that has already been answered in the
	past.)  It also has an IRC channel that you can use to ask questions in
	real-time, and a lot of helpful documentation that is useful for
	learning about Linux kernel development.
	
	The website has basic information about code organization, subsystems,
	and current projects (both in-tree and out-of-tree). It also describes
	some basic logistical information, like how to compile a kernel and
	apply a patch.
	
	If you do not know where you want to start, but you want to look for
	some task to start doing to join into the kernel development community,
	go to the Linux Kernel Janitor's project:
		http://kernelnewbies.org/KernelJanitors	
	It is a great place to start.  It describes a list of relatively simple
	problems that need to be cleaned up and fixed within the Linux kernel
	source tree.  Working with the developers in charge of this project, you
	will learn the basics of getting your patch into the Linux kernel tree,
	and possibly be pointed in the direction of what to go work on next, if
	you do not already have an idea.
	
	If you already have a chunk of code that you want to put into the kernel
	tree, but need some help getting it in the proper form, the
	kernel-mentors project was created to help you out with this.  It is a
	mailing list, and can be found at:
		http://selenic.com/mailman/listinfo/kernel-mentors
	
	Before making any actual modifications to the Linux kernel code, it is
	imperative to understand how the code in question works.  For this
	purpose, nothing is better than reading through it directly (most tricky
	bits are commented well), perhaps even with the help of specialized
	tools.  One such tool that is particularly recommended is the Linux
	Cross-Reference project, which is able to present source code in a
	self-referential, indexed webpage format. An excellent up-to-date
	repository of the kernel code may be found at:
		http://lxr.linux.no/+trees
	
	
	The development process
	-----------------------
	
	Linux kernel development process currently consists of a few different
	main kernel "branches" and lots of different subsystem-specific kernel
	branches.  These different branches are:
	  - main 3.x kernel tree
	  - 3.x.y -stable kernel tree
	  - 3.x -git kernel patches
	  - subsystem specific kernel trees and patches
	  - the 3.x -next kernel tree for integration tests
	
	3.x kernel tree
	-----------------
	3.x kernels are maintained by Linus Torvalds, and can be found on
	kernel.org in the pub/linux/kernel/v3.x/ directory.  Its development
	process is as follows:
	  - As soon as a new kernel is released a two weeks window is open,
	    during this period of time maintainers can submit big diffs to
	    Linus, usually the patches that have already been included in the
	    -next kernel for a few weeks.  The preferred way to submit big changes
	    is using git (the kernel's source management tool, more information
	    can be found at http://git-scm.com/) but plain patches are also just
	    fine.
	  - After two weeks a -rc1 kernel is released it is now possible to push
	    only patches that do not include new features that could affect the
	    stability of the whole kernel.  Please note that a whole new driver
	    (or filesystem) might be accepted after -rc1 because there is no
	    risk of causing regressions with such a change as long as the change
	    is self-contained and does not affect areas outside of the code that
	    is being added.  git can be used to send patches to Linus after -rc1
	    is released, but the patches need to also be sent to a public
	    mailing list for review.
	  - A new -rc is released whenever Linus deems the current git tree to
	    be in a reasonably sane state adequate for testing.  The goal is to
	    release a new -rc kernel every week.
	  - Process continues until the kernel is considered "ready", the
	    process should last around 6 weeks.
	  - Known regressions in each release are periodically posted to the 
	    linux-kernel mailing list.  The goal is to reduce the length of 
	    that list to zero before declaring the kernel to be "ready," but, in
	    the real world, a small number of regressions often remain at 
	    release time.
	
	It is worth mentioning what Andrew Morton wrote on the linux-kernel
	mailing list about kernel releases:
		"Nobody knows when a kernel will be released, because it's
		released according to perceived bug status, not according to a
		preconceived timeline."
	
	3.x.y -stable kernel tree
	---------------------------
	Kernels with 3-part versions are -stable kernels. They contain
	relatively small and critical fixes for security problems or significant
	regressions discovered in a given 3.x kernel.
	
	This is the recommended branch for users who want the most recent stable
	kernel and are not interested in helping test development/experimental
	versions.
	
	If no 3.x.y kernel is available, then the highest numbered 3.x
	kernel is the current stable kernel.
	
	3.x.y are maintained by the "stable" team <stable@vger.kernel.org>, and
	are released as needs dictate.  The normal release period is approximately
	two weeks, but it can be longer if there are no pressing problems.  A
	security-related problem, instead, can cause a release to happen almost
	instantly.
	
	The file Documentation/stable_kernel_rules.txt in the kernel tree
	documents what kinds of changes are acceptable for the -stable tree, and
	how the release process works.
	
	3.x -git patches
	------------------
	These are daily snapshots of Linus' kernel tree which are managed in a
	git repository (hence the name.) These patches are usually released
	daily and represent the current state of Linus' tree.  They are more
	experimental than -rc kernels since they are generated automatically
	without even a cursory glance to see if they are sane.
	
	Subsystem Specific kernel trees and patches
	-------------------------------------------
	The maintainers of the various kernel subsystems --- and also many
	kernel subsystem developers --- expose their current state of
	development in source repositories.  That way, others can see what is
	happening in the different areas of the kernel.  In areas where
	development is rapid, a developer may be asked to base his submissions
	onto such a subsystem kernel tree so that conflicts between the
	submission and other already ongoing work are avoided.
	
	Most of these repositories are git trees, but there are also other SCMs
	in use, or patch queues being published as quilt series.  Addresses of
	these subsystem repositories are listed in the MAINTAINERS file.  Many
	of them can be browsed at http://git.kernel.org/.
	
	Before a proposed patch is committed to such a subsystem tree, it is
	subject to review which primarily happens on mailing lists (see the
	respective section below).  For several kernel subsystems, this review
	process is tracked with the tool patchwork.  Patchwork offers a web
	interface which shows patch postings, any comments on a patch or
	revisions to it, and maintainers can mark patches as under review,
	accepted, or rejected.  Most of these patchwork sites are listed at
	http://patchwork.kernel.org/.
	
	3.x -next kernel tree for integration tests
	---------------------------------------------
	Before updates from subsystem trees are merged into the mainline 3.x
	tree, they need to be integration-tested.  For this purpose, a special
	testing repository exists into which virtually all subsystem trees are
	pulled on an almost daily basis:
		http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/next/linux-next.git
		http://linux.f-seidel.de/linux-next/pmwiki/
	
	This way, the -next kernel gives a summary outlook onto what will be
	expected to go into the mainline kernel at the next merge period.
	Adventurous testers are very welcome to runtime-test the -next kernel.
	
	
	Bug Reporting
	-------------
	
	bugzilla.kernel.org is where the Linux kernel developers track kernel
	bugs.  Users are encouraged to report all bugs that they find in this
	tool.  For details on how to use the kernel bugzilla, please see:
		http://bugzilla.kernel.org/page.cgi?id=faq.html
	
	The file REPORTING-BUGS in the main kernel source directory has a good
	template for how to report a possible kernel bug, and details what kind
	of information is needed by the kernel developers to help track down the
	problem.
	
	
	Managing bug reports
	--------------------
	
	One of the best ways to put into practice your hacking skills is by fixing
	bugs reported by other people. Not only you will help to make the kernel
	more stable, you'll learn to fix real world problems and you will improve
	your skills, and other developers will be aware of your presence. Fixing
	bugs is one of the best ways to get merits among other developers, because
	not many people like wasting time fixing other people's bugs.
	
	To work in the already reported bug reports, go to http://bugzilla.kernel.org.
	If you want to be advised of the future bug reports, you can subscribe to the
	bugme-new mailing list (only new bug reports are mailed here) or to the
	bugme-janitor mailing list (every change in the bugzilla is mailed here)
	
		http://lists.linux-foundation.org/mailman/listinfo/bugme-new
		http://lists.linux-foundation.org/mailman/listinfo/bugme-janitors
	
	
	
	Mailing lists
	-------------
	
	As some of the above documents describe, the majority of the core kernel
	developers participate on the Linux Kernel Mailing list.  Details on how
	to subscribe and unsubscribe from the list can be found at:
		http://vger.kernel.org/vger-lists.html#linux-kernel
	There are archives of the mailing list on the web in many different
	places.  Use a search engine to find these archives.  For example:
		http://dir.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel
	It is highly recommended that you search the archives about the topic
	you want to bring up, before you post it to the list. A lot of things
	already discussed in detail are only recorded at the mailing list
	archives.
	
	Most of the individual kernel subsystems also have their own separate
	mailing list where they do their development efforts.  See the
	MAINTAINERS file for a list of what these lists are for the different
	groups.
	
	Many of the lists are hosted on kernel.org. Information on them can be
	found at:
		http://vger.kernel.org/vger-lists.html
	
	Please remember to follow good behavioral habits when using the lists.
	Though a bit cheesy, the following URL has some simple guidelines for
	interacting with the list (or any list):
		http://www.albion.com/netiquette/
	
	If multiple people respond to your mail, the CC: list of recipients may
	get pretty large. Don't remove anybody from the CC: list without a good
	reason, or don't reply only to the list address. Get used to receiving the
	mail twice, one from the sender and the one from the list, and don't try
	to tune that by adding fancy mail-headers, people will not like it.
	
	Remember to keep the context and the attribution of your replies intact,
	keep the "John Kernelhacker wrote ...:" lines at the top of your reply, and
	add your statements between the individual quoted sections instead of
	writing at the top of the mail.
	
	If you add patches to your mail, make sure they are plain readable text
	as stated in Documentation/SubmittingPatches. Kernel developers don't
	want to deal with attachments or compressed patches; they may want
	to comment on individual lines of your patch, which works only that way.
	Make sure you use a mail program that does not mangle spaces and tab
	characters. A good first test is to send the mail to yourself and try
	to apply your own patch by yourself. If that doesn't work, get your
	mail program fixed or change it until it works.
	
	Above all, please remember to show respect to other subscribers.
	
	
	Working with the community
	--------------------------
	
	The goal of the kernel community is to provide the best possible kernel
	there is.  When you submit a patch for acceptance, it will be reviewed
	on its technical merits and those alone.  So, what should you be
	expecting?
	  - criticism
	  - comments
	  - requests for change
	  - requests for justification
	  - silence
	
	Remember, this is part of getting your patch into the kernel.  You have
	to be able to take criticism and comments about your patches, evaluate
	them at a technical level and either rework your patches or provide
	clear and concise reasoning as to why those changes should not be made.
	If there are no responses to your posting, wait a few days and try
	again, sometimes things get lost in the huge volume.
	
	What should you not do?
	  - expect your patch to be accepted without question
	  - become defensive
	  - ignore comments
	  - resubmit the patch without making any of the requested changes
	
	In a community that is looking for the best technical solution possible,
	there will always be differing opinions on how beneficial a patch is.
	You have to be cooperative, and willing to adapt your idea to fit within
	the kernel.  Or at least be willing to prove your idea is worth it.
	Remember, being wrong is acceptable as long as you are willing to work
	toward a solution that is right.
	
	It is normal that the answers to your first patch might simply be a list
	of a dozen things you should correct.  This does _not_ imply that your
	patch will not be accepted, and it is _not_ meant against you
	personally.  Simply correct all issues raised against your patch and
	resend it.
	
	
	Differences between the kernel community and corporate structures
	-----------------------------------------------------------------
	
	The kernel community works differently than most traditional corporate
	development environments.  Here are a list of things that you can try to
	do to avoid problems:
	  Good things to say regarding your proposed changes:
	    - "This solves multiple problems."
	    - "This deletes 2000 lines of code."
	    - "Here is a patch that explains what I am trying to describe."
	    - "I tested it on 5 different architectures..."
	    - "Here is a series of small patches that..."
	    - "This increases performance on typical machines..."
	
	  Bad things you should avoid saying:
	    - "We did it this way in AIX/ptx/Solaris, so therefore it must be
	      good..."
	    - "I've being doing this for 20 years, so..."
	    - "This is required for my company to make money"
	    - "This is for our Enterprise product line."
	    - "Here is my 1000 page design document that describes my idea"
	    - "I've been working on this for 6 months..."
	    - "Here's a 5000 line patch that..."
	    - "I rewrote all of the current mess, and here it is..."
	    - "I have a deadline, and this patch needs to be applied now."
	
	Another way the kernel community is different than most traditional
	software engineering work environments is the faceless nature of
	interaction.  One benefit of using email and irc as the primary forms of
	communication is the lack of discrimination based on gender or race.
	The Linux kernel work environment is accepting of women and minorities
	because all you are is an email address.  The international aspect also
	helps to level the playing field because you can't guess gender based on
	a person's name. A man may be named Andrea and a woman may be named Pat.
	Most women who have worked in the Linux kernel and have expressed an
	opinion have had positive experiences.
	
	The language barrier can cause problems for some people who are not
	comfortable with English.  A good grasp of the language can be needed in
	order to get ideas across properly on mailing lists, so it is
	recommended that you check your emails to make sure they make sense in
	English before sending them.
	
	
	Break up your changes
	---------------------
	
	The Linux kernel community does not gladly accept large chunks of code
	dropped on it all at once.  The changes need to be properly introduced,
	discussed, and broken up into tiny, individual portions.  This is almost
	the exact opposite of what companies are used to doing.  Your proposal
	should also be introduced very early in the development process, so that
	you can receive feedback on what you are doing.  It also lets the
	community feel that you are working with them, and not simply using them
	as a dumping ground for your feature.  However, don't send 50 emails at
	one time to a mailing list, your patch series should be smaller than
	that almost all of the time.
	
	The reasons for breaking things up are the following:
	
	1) Small patches increase the likelihood that your patches will be
	   applied, since they don't take much time or effort to verify for
	   correctness.  A 5 line patch can be applied by a maintainer with
	   barely a second glance. However, a 500 line patch may take hours to
	   review for correctness (the time it takes is exponentially
	   proportional to the size of the patch, or something).
	
	   Small patches also make it very easy to debug when something goes
	   wrong.  It's much easier to back out patches one by one than it is
	   to dissect a very large patch after it's been applied (and broken
	   something).
	
	2) It's important not only to send small patches, but also to rewrite
	   and simplify (or simply re-order) patches before submitting them.
	
	Here is an analogy from kernel developer Al Viro:
		"Think of a teacher grading homework from a math student.  The
		teacher does not want to see the student's trials and errors
		before they came up with the solution. They want to see the
		cleanest, most elegant answer.  A good student knows this, and
		would never submit her intermediate work before the final
		solution."
	
		The same is true of kernel development. The maintainers and
		reviewers do not want to see the thought process behind the
		solution to the problem one is solving. They want to see a
		simple and elegant solution."
	
	It may be challenging to keep the balance between presenting an elegant
	solution and working together with the community and discussing your
	unfinished work. Therefore it is good to get early in the process to
	get feedback to improve your work, but also keep your changes in small
	chunks that they may get already accepted, even when your whole task is
	not ready for inclusion now.
	
	Also realize that it is not acceptable to send patches for inclusion
	that are unfinished and will be "fixed up later."
	
	
	Justify your change
	-------------------
	
	Along with breaking up your patches, it is very important for you to let
	the Linux community know why they should add this change.  New features
	must be justified as being needed and useful.
	
	
	Document your change
	--------------------
	
	When sending in your patches, pay special attention to what you say in
	the text in your email.  This information will become the ChangeLog
	information for the patch, and will be preserved for everyone to see for
	all time.  It should describe the patch completely, containing:
	  - why the change is necessary
	  - the overall design approach in the patch
	  - implementation details
	  - testing results
	
	For more details on what this should all look like, please see the
	ChangeLog section of the document:
	  "The Perfect Patch"
	      http://userweb.kernel.org/~akpm/stuff/tpp.txt
	
	
	
	
	All of these things are sometimes very hard to do. It can take years to
	perfect these practices (if at all). It's a continuous process of
	improvement that requires a lot of patience and determination. But
	don't give up, it's possible. Many have done it before, and each had to
	start exactly where you are now.
	
	
	
	
	----------
	Thanks to Paolo Ciarrocchi who allowed the "Development Process"
	(http://lwn.net/Articles/94386/) section
	to be based on text he had written, and to Randy Dunlap and Gerrit
	Huizenga for some of the list of things you should and should not say.
	Also thanks to Pat Mochel, Hanna Linder, Randy Dunlap, Kay Sievers,
	Vojtech Pavlik, Jan Kara, Josh Boyer, Kees Cook, Andrew Morton, Andi
	Kleen, Vadim Lobanov, Jesper Juhl, Adrian Bunk, Keri Harris, Frans Pop,
	David A. Wheeler, Junio Hamano, Michael Kerrisk, and Alex Shepard for
	their review, comments, and contributions.  Without their help, this
	document would not have been possible.
	
	
	
	Maintainer: Greg Kroah-Hartman <greg@kroah.com>

• [ Documentation ]
• 00-INDEX
• [ ABI ]
• [ accounting ]
• [ acpi ]
• [ aoe ]
• applying-patches.txt
• [ arm ]
• [ arm64 ]
• atomic_ops.txt
• [ auxdisplay ]
• [ backlight ]
• bad_memory.txt
• basic_profiling.txt
• binfmt_misc.txt
• [ blackfin ]
• [ block ]
• [ blockdev ]
• braille-console.txt
• bt8xxgpio.txt
• btmrvl.txt
• BUG-HUNTING
• [ bus-devices ]
• bus-virt-phys-mapping.txt
• cachetlb.txt
• [ cdrom ]
• [ cgroups ]
• Changes
• circular-buffers.txt
• clk.txt
• coccinelle.txt
• CodingStyle
• [ connector ]
• [ console ]
• [ cpu-freq ]
• cpu-hotplug.txt
• cpu-load.txt
• [ cpuidle ]
• cputopology.txt
• crc32.txt
• [ cris ]
• [ crypto ]
• dcdbas.txt
• debugging-modules.txt
• debugging-via-ohci1394.txt
• dell_rbu.txt
• [ development-process ]
• [ device-mapper ]
• devices.txt
• [ devicetree ]
• digsig.txt
• DMA-API-HOWTO.txt
• DMA-API.txt
• DMA-attributes.txt
• dma-buf-sharing.txt
• DMA-ISA-LPC.txt
• dmaengine.txt
• [ DocBook ]
• dontdiff
• [ driver-model ]
• [ dvb ]
• dynamic-debug-howto.txt
• [ early-userspace ]
• edac.txt
• [ EDID ]
• eisa.txt
• email-clients.txt
• [ extcon ]
• [ fault-injection ]
• [ fb ]
• [ filesystems ]
• [ firmware_class ]
• flexible-arrays.txt
• [ frv ]
• futex-requeue-pi.txt
• gcov.txt
• gpio.txt
• [ hid ]
• highuid.txt
• HOWTO
• hw_random.txt
• [ hwmon ]
• hwspinlock.txt
• [ i2c ]
• [ i2o ]
• [ ia64 ]
• [ ide ]
• [ infiniband ]
• init.txt
• initrd.txt
• [ input ]
• Intel-IOMMU.txt
• intel_txt.txt
• io-mapping.txt
• io_ordering.txt
• [ ioctl ]
• iostats.txt
• IPMI.txt
• IRQ-affinity.txt
• IRQ-domain.txt
• IRQ.txt
• irqflags-tracing.txt
• isapnp.txt
• [ isdn ]
• [ ja_JP ]
• java.txt
• [ kbuild ]
• [ kdump ]
• kernel-doc-nano-HOWTO.txt
• kernel-docs.txt
• kernel-parameters.txt
• kmemcheck.txt
• kmemleak.txt
• [ ko_KR ]
• kobject.txt
• kprobes.txt
• kref.txt
• [ laptops ]
• ldm.txt
• [ leds ]
• local_ops.txt
• lockdep-design.txt
• lockstat.txt
• lockup-watchdogs.txt
• logo.gif
• logo.txt
• [ m68k ]
• magic-number.txt
• [ make ]
• Makefile
• ManagementStyle
• md.txt
• media-framework.txt
• memory-barriers.txt
• [ memory-devices ]
• memory-hotplug.txt
• [ metag ]
• [ mips ]
• [ misc-devices ]
• [ mmc ]
• [ mn10300 ]
• mono.txt
• [ mtd ]
• mutex-design.txt
• [ namespaces ]
• [ netlabel ]
• [ networking ]
• [ nfc ]
• nommu-mmap.txt
• numastat.txt
• oops-tracing.txt
• padata.txt
• [ parisc ]
• parport-lowlevel.txt
• parport.txt
• [ PCI ]
• [ pcmcia ]
• percpu-rw-semaphore.txt
• pi-futex.txt
• pinctrl.txt
• pnp.txt
• [ power ]
• [ powerpc ]
• [ pps ]
• [ prctl ]
• preempt-locking.txt
• printk-formats.txt
• [ pti ]
• [ ptp ]
• pwm.txt
• ramoops.txt
• [ rapidio ]
• rbtree.txt
• [ RCU ]
• remoteproc.txt
• rfkill.txt
• robust-futex-ABI.txt
• robust-futexes.txt
• rpmsg.txt
• rt-mutex-design.txt
• rt-mutex.txt
• rtc.txt
• [ s390 ]
• SAK.txt
• [ scheduler ]
• [ scsi ]
• [ security ]
• SecurityBugs
• [ serial ]
• serial-console.txt
• sgi-ioc4.txt
• sgi-visws.txt
• [ sh ]
• SM501.txt
• smsc_ece1099.txt
• [ sound ]
• sparse.txt
• [ spi ]
• spinlocks.txt
• stable_api_nonsense.txt
• stable_kernel_rules.txt
• static-keys.txt
• SubmitChecklist
• SubmittingDrivers
• SubmittingPatches
• svga.txt
• [ sysctl ]
• sysfs-rules.txt
• sysrq.txt
• [ target ]
• [ thermal ]
• [ timers ]
• [ trace ]
• unaligned-memory-access.txt
• unicode.txt
• unshare.txt
• [ usb ]
• [ vDSO ]
• vfio.txt
• VGA-softcursor.txt
• vgaarbiter.txt
• video-output.txt
• [ video4linux ]
• [ virtual ]
• [ vm ]
• vme_api.txt
• volatile-considered-harmful.txt
• [ w1 ]
• [ watchdog ]
• [ wimax ]
• workqueue.txt
• [ x86 ]
• [ xtensa ]
• xz.txt
• [ zh_CN ]
• zorro.txt
•