Documentation / kernel-parameters.txt

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Based on kernel version 3.9. Page generated on 2013-05-02 23:09 EST.

	                          Kernel Parameters
	                          ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
	
	The following is a consolidated list of the kernel parameters as implemented
	(mostly) by the __setup() macro and sorted into English Dictionary order
	(defined as ignoring all punctuation and sorting digits before letters in a
	case insensitive manner), and with descriptions where known.
	
	Module parameters for loadable modules are specified only as the
	parameter name with optional '=' and value as appropriate, such as:
	
		modprobe usbcore blinkenlights=1
	
	Module parameters for modules that are built into the kernel image
	are specified on the kernel command line with the module name plus
	'.' plus parameter name, with '=' and value if appropriate, such as:
	
		usbcore.blinkenlights=1
	
	Hyphens (dashes) and underscores are equivalent in parameter names, so
		log_buf_len=1M print-fatal-signals=1
	can also be entered as
		log-buf-len=1M print_fatal_signals=1
	
	
	This document may not be entirely up to date and comprehensive. The command
	"modinfo -p ${modulename}" shows a current list of all parameters of a loadable
	module. Loadable modules, after being loaded into the running kernel, also
	reveal their parameters in /sys/module/${modulename}/parameters/. Some of these
	parameters may be changed at runtime by the command
	"echo -n ${value} > /sys/module/${modulename}/parameters/${parm}".
	
	The parameters listed below are only valid if certain kernel build options were
	enabled and if respective hardware is present. The text in square brackets at
	the beginning of each description states the restrictions within which a
	parameter is applicable:
	
		ACPI	ACPI support is enabled.
		AGP	AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) is enabled.
		ALSA	ALSA sound support is enabled.
		APIC	APIC support is enabled.
		APM	Advanced Power Management support is enabled.
		ARM	ARM architecture is enabled.
		AVR32	AVR32 architecture is enabled.
		AX25	Appropriate AX.25 support is enabled.
		BLACKFIN Blackfin architecture is enabled.
		DRM	Direct Rendering Management support is enabled.
		DYNAMIC_DEBUG Build in debug messages and enable them at runtime
		EDD	BIOS Enhanced Disk Drive Services (EDD) is enabled
		EFI	EFI Partitioning (GPT) is enabled
		EIDE	EIDE/ATAPI support is enabled.
		EVM	Extended Verification Module
		FB	The frame buffer device is enabled.
		FTRACE	Function tracing enabled.
		GCOV	GCOV profiling is enabled.
		HW	Appropriate hardware is enabled.
		IA-64	IA-64 architecture is enabled.
		IMA     Integrity measurement architecture is enabled.
		IOSCHED	More than one I/O scheduler is enabled.
		IP_PNP	IP DHCP, BOOTP, or RARP is enabled.
		IPV6	IPv6 support is enabled.
		ISAPNP	ISA PnP code is enabled.
		ISDN	Appropriate ISDN support is enabled.
		JOY	Appropriate joystick support is enabled.
		KGDB	Kernel debugger support is enabled.
		KVM	Kernel Virtual Machine support is enabled.
		LIBATA  Libata driver is enabled
		LP	Printer support is enabled.
		LOOP	Loopback device support is enabled.
		M68k	M68k architecture is enabled.
				These options have more detailed description inside of
				Documentation/m68k/kernel-options.txt.
		MDA	MDA console support is enabled.
		MIPS	MIPS architecture is enabled.
		MOUSE	Appropriate mouse support is enabled.
		MSI	Message Signaled Interrupts (PCI).
		MTD	MTD (Memory Technology Device) support is enabled.
		NET	Appropriate network support is enabled.
		NUMA	NUMA support is enabled.
		NFS	Appropriate NFS support is enabled.
		OSS	OSS sound support is enabled.
		PV_OPS	A paravirtualized kernel is enabled.
		PARIDE	The ParIDE (parallel port IDE) subsystem is enabled.
		PARISC	The PA-RISC architecture is enabled.
		PCI	PCI bus support is enabled.
		PCIE	PCI Express support is enabled.
		PCMCIA	The PCMCIA subsystem is enabled.
		PNP	Plug & Play support is enabled.
		PPC	PowerPC architecture is enabled.
		PPT	Parallel port support is enabled.
		PS2	Appropriate PS/2 support is enabled.
		RAM	RAM disk support is enabled.
		S390	S390 architecture is enabled.
		SCSI	Appropriate SCSI support is enabled.
				A lot of drivers have their options described inside
				the Documentation/scsi/ sub-directory.
		SECURITY Different security models are enabled.
		SELINUX SELinux support is enabled.
		APPARMOR AppArmor support is enabled.
		SERIAL	Serial support is enabled.
		SH	SuperH architecture is enabled.
		SMP	The kernel is an SMP kernel.
		SPARC	Sparc architecture is enabled.
		SWSUSP	Software suspend (hibernation) is enabled.
		SUSPEND	System suspend states are enabled.
		TPM	TPM drivers are enabled.
		TS	Appropriate touchscreen support is enabled.
		UMS	USB Mass Storage support is enabled.
		USB	USB support is enabled.
		USBHID	USB Human Interface Device support is enabled.
		V4L	Video For Linux support is enabled.
		VMMIO   Driver for memory mapped virtio devices is enabled.
		VGA	The VGA console has been enabled.
		VT	Virtual terminal support is enabled.
		WDT	Watchdog support is enabled.
		XT	IBM PC/XT MFM hard disk support is enabled.
		X86-32	X86-32, aka i386 architecture is enabled.
		X86-64	X86-64 architecture is enabled.
				More X86-64 boot options can be found in
				Documentation/x86/x86_64/boot-options.txt .
		X86	Either 32-bit or 64-bit x86 (same as X86-32+X86-64)
		XEN	Xen support is enabled
	
	In addition, the following text indicates that the option:
	
		BUGS=	Relates to possible processor bugs on the said processor.
		KNL	Is a kernel start-up parameter.
		BOOT	Is a boot loader parameter.
	
	Parameters denoted with BOOT are actually interpreted by the boot
	loader, and have no meaning to the kernel directly.
	Do not modify the syntax of boot loader parameters without extreme
	need or coordination with <Documentation/x86/boot.txt>.
	
	There are also arch-specific kernel-parameters not documented here.
	See for example <Documentation/x86/x86_64/boot-options.txt>.
	
	Note that ALL kernel parameters listed below are CASE SENSITIVE, and that
	a trailing = on the name of any parameter states that that parameter will
	be entered as an environment variable, whereas its absence indicates that
	it will appear as a kernel argument readable via /proc/cmdline by programs
	running once the system is up.
	
	The number of kernel parameters is not limited, but the length of the
	complete command line (parameters including spaces etc.) is limited to
	a fixed number of characters. This limit depends on the architecture
	and is between 256 and 4096 characters. It is defined in the file
	./include/asm/setup.h as COMMAND_LINE_SIZE.
	
	Finally, the [KMG] suffix is commonly described after a number of kernel
	parameter values. These 'K', 'M', and 'G' letters represent the _binary_
	multipliers 'Kilo', 'Mega', and 'Giga', equalling 2^10, 2^20, and 2^30
	bytes respectively. Such letter suffixes can also be entirely omitted.
	
	
		acpi=		[HW,ACPI,X86]
				Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
				Format: { force | off | strict | noirq | rsdt }
				force -- enable ACPI if default was off
				off -- disable ACPI if default was on
				noirq -- do not use ACPI for IRQ routing
				strict -- Be less tolerant of platforms that are not
					strictly ACPI specification compliant.
				rsdt -- prefer RSDT over (default) XSDT
				copy_dsdt -- copy DSDT to memory
	
				See also Documentation/power/runtime_pm.txt, pci=noacpi
	
		acpi_rsdp=	[ACPI,EFI,KEXEC]
				Pass the RSDP address to the kernel, mostly used
				on machines running EFI runtime service to boot the
				second kernel for kdump.
	
		acpi_apic_instance=	[ACPI, IOAPIC]
				Format: <int>
				2: use 2nd APIC table, if available
				1,0: use 1st APIC table
				default: 0
	
		acpi_backlight=	[HW,ACPI]
				acpi_backlight=vendor
				acpi_backlight=video
				If set to vendor, prefer vendor specific driver
				(e.g. thinkpad_acpi, sony_acpi, etc.) instead
				of the ACPI video.ko driver.
	
		acpi.debug_layer=	[HW,ACPI,ACPI_DEBUG]
		acpi.debug_level=	[HW,ACPI,ACPI_DEBUG]
				Format: <int>
				CONFIG_ACPI_DEBUG must be enabled to produce any ACPI
				debug output.  Bits in debug_layer correspond to a
				_COMPONENT in an ACPI source file, e.g.,
				    #define _COMPONENT ACPI_PCI_COMPONENT
				Bits in debug_level correspond to a level in
				ACPI_DEBUG_PRINT statements, e.g.,
				    ACPI_DEBUG_PRINT((ACPI_DB_INFO, ...
				The debug_level mask defaults to "info".  See
				Documentation/acpi/debug.txt for more information about
				debug layers and levels.
	
				Enable processor driver info messages:
				    acpi.debug_layer=0x20000000
				Enable PCI/PCI interrupt routing info messages:
				    acpi.debug_layer=0x400000
				Enable AML "Debug" output, i.e., stores to the Debug
				object while interpreting AML:
				    acpi.debug_layer=0xffffffff acpi.debug_level=0x2
				Enable all messages related to ACPI hardware:
				    acpi.debug_layer=0x2 acpi.debug_level=0xffffffff
	
				Some values produce so much output that the system is
				unusable.  The "log_buf_len" parameter may be useful
				if you need to capture more output.
	
		acpi_irq_balance [HW,ACPI]
				ACPI will balance active IRQs
				default in APIC mode
	
		acpi_irq_nobalance [HW,ACPI]
				ACPI will not move active IRQs (default)
				default in PIC mode
	
		acpi_irq_isa=	[HW,ACPI] If irq_balance, mark listed IRQs used by ISA
				Format: <irq>,<irq>...
	
		acpi_irq_pci=	[HW,ACPI] If irq_balance, clear listed IRQs for
				use by PCI
				Format: <irq>,<irq>...
	
		acpi_no_auto_ssdt	[HW,ACPI] Disable automatic loading of SSDT
	
		acpi_os_name=	[HW,ACPI] Tell ACPI BIOS the name of the OS
				Format: To spoof as Windows 98: ="Microsoft Windows"
	
		acpi_osi=	[HW,ACPI] Modify list of supported OS interface strings
				acpi_osi="string1"	# add string1 -- only one string
				acpi_osi="!string2"	# remove built-in string2
				acpi_osi=		# disable all strings
	
		acpi_pm_good	[X86]
				Override the pmtimer bug detection: force the kernel
				to assume that this machine's pmtimer latches its value
				and always returns good values.
	
		acpi_sci=	[HW,ACPI] ACPI System Control Interrupt trigger mode
				Format: { level | edge | high | low }
	
		acpi_serialize	[HW,ACPI] force serialization of AML methods
	
		acpi_skip_timer_override [HW,ACPI]
				Recognize and ignore IRQ0/pin2 Interrupt Override.
				For broken nForce2 BIOS resulting in XT-PIC timer.
	
		acpi_sleep=	[HW,ACPI] Sleep options
				Format: { s3_bios, s3_mode, s3_beep, s4_nohwsig,
					  old_ordering, nonvs, sci_force_enable }
				See Documentation/power/video.txt for information on
				s3_bios and s3_mode.
				s3_beep is for debugging; it makes the PC's speaker beep
				as soon as the kernel's real-mode entry point is called.
				s4_nohwsig prevents ACPI hardware signature from being
				used during resume from hibernation.
				old_ordering causes the ACPI 1.0 ordering of the _PTS
				control method, with respect to putting devices into
				low power states, to be enforced (the ACPI 2.0 ordering
				of _PTS is used by default).
				nonvs prevents the kernel from saving/restoring the
				ACPI NVS memory during suspend/hibernation and resume.
				sci_force_enable causes the kernel to set SCI_EN directly
				on resume from S1/S3 (which is against the ACPI spec,
				but some broken systems don't work without it).
	
		acpi_use_timer_override [HW,ACPI]
				Use timer override. For some broken Nvidia NF5 boards
				that require a timer override, but don't have HPET
	
		acpi_enforce_resources=	[ACPI]
				{ strict | lax | no }
				Check for resource conflicts between native drivers
				and ACPI OperationRegions (SystemIO and SystemMemory
				only). IO ports and memory declared in ACPI might be
				used by the ACPI subsystem in arbitrary AML code and
				can interfere with legacy drivers.
				strict (default): access to resources claimed by ACPI
				is denied; legacy drivers trying to access reserved
				resources will fail to bind to device using them.
				lax: access to resources claimed by ACPI is allowed;
				legacy drivers trying to access reserved resources
				will bind successfully but a warning message is logged.
				no: ACPI OperationRegions are not marked as reserved,
				no further checks are performed.
	
		add_efi_memmap	[EFI; X86] Include EFI memory map in
				kernel's map of available physical RAM.
	
		agp=		[AGP]
				{ off | try_unsupported }
				off: disable AGP support
				try_unsupported: try to drive unsupported chipsets
					(may crash computer or cause data corruption)
	
		ALSA		[HW,ALSA]
				See Documentation/sound/alsa/alsa-parameters.txt
	
		alignment=	[KNL,ARM]
				Allow the default userspace alignment fault handler
				behaviour to be specified.  Bit 0 enables warnings,
				bit 1 enables fixups, and bit 2 sends a segfault.
	
		align_va_addr=	[X86-64]
				Align virtual addresses by clearing slice [14:12] when
				allocating a VMA at process creation time. This option
				gives you up to 3% performance improvement on AMD F15h
				machines (where it is enabled by default) for a
				CPU-intensive style benchmark, and it can vary highly in
				a microbenchmark depending on workload and compiler.
	
				32: only for 32-bit processes
				64: only for 64-bit processes
				on: enable for both 32- and 64-bit processes
				off: disable for both 32- and 64-bit processes
	
		amd_iommu=	[HW,X86-64]
				Pass parameters to the AMD IOMMU driver in the system.
				Possible values are:
				fullflush - enable flushing of IO/TLB entries when
					    they are unmapped. Otherwise they are
					    flushed before they will be reused, which
					    is a lot of faster
				off	  - do not initialize any AMD IOMMU found in
					    the system
				force_isolation - Force device isolation for all
						  devices. The IOMMU driver is not
						  allowed anymore to lift isolation
						  requirements as needed. This option
						  does not override iommu=pt
	
		amd_iommu_dump=	[HW,X86-64]
				Enable AMD IOMMU driver option to dump the ACPI table
				for AMD IOMMU. With this option enabled, AMD IOMMU
				driver will print ACPI tables for AMD IOMMU during
				IOMMU initialization.
	
		amijoy.map=	[HW,JOY] Amiga joystick support
				Map of devices attached to JOY0DAT and JOY1DAT
				Format: <a>,<b>
				See also Documentation/input/joystick.txt
	
		analog.map=	[HW,JOY] Analog joystick and gamepad support
				Specifies type or capabilities of an analog joystick
				connected to one of 16 gameports
				Format: <type1>,<type2>,..<type16>
	
		apc=		[HW,SPARC]
				Power management functions (SPARCstation-4/5 + deriv.)
				Format: noidle
				Disable APC CPU standby support. SPARCstation-Fox does
				not play well with APC CPU idle - disable it if you have
				APC and your system crashes randomly.
	
		apic=		[APIC,X86-32] Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller
				Change the output verbosity whilst booting
				Format: { quiet (default) | verbose | debug }
				Change the amount of debugging information output
				when initialising the APIC and IO-APIC components.
	
		autoconf=	[IPV6]
				See Documentation/networking/ipv6.txt.
	
		show_lapic=	[APIC,X86] Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller
				Limit apic dumping. The parameter defines the maximal
				number of local apics being dumped. Also it is possible
				to set it to "all" by meaning -- no limit here.
				Format: { 1 (default) | 2 | ... | all }.
				The parameter valid if only apic=debug or
				apic=verbose is specified.
				Example: apic=debug show_lapic=all
	
		apm=		[APM] Advanced Power Management
				See header of arch/x86/kernel/apm_32.c.
	
		arcrimi=	[HW,NET] ARCnet - "RIM I" (entirely mem-mapped) cards
				Format: <io>,<irq>,<nodeID>
	
		ataflop=	[HW,M68k]
	
		atarimouse=	[HW,MOUSE] Atari Mouse
	
		atkbd.extra=	[HW] Enable extra LEDs and keys on IBM RapidAccess,
				EzKey and similar keyboards
	
		atkbd.reset=	[HW] Reset keyboard during initialization
	
		atkbd.set=	[HW] Select keyboard code set
				Format: <int> (2 = AT (default), 3 = PS/2)
	
		atkbd.scroll=	[HW] Enable scroll wheel on MS Office and similar
				keyboards
	
		atkbd.softraw=	[HW] Choose between synthetic and real raw mode
				Format: <bool> (0 = real, 1 = synthetic (default))
	
		atkbd.softrepeat= [HW]
				Use software keyboard repeat
	
		baycom_epp=	[HW,AX25]
				Format: <io>,<mode>
	
		baycom_par=	[HW,AX25] BayCom Parallel Port AX.25 Modem
				Format: <io>,<mode>
				See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_par.c.
	
		baycom_ser_fdx=	[HW,AX25]
				BayCom Serial Port AX.25 Modem (Full Duplex Mode)
				Format: <io>,<irq>,<mode>[,<baud>]
				See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_ser_fdx.c.
	
		baycom_ser_hdx=	[HW,AX25]
				BayCom Serial Port AX.25 Modem (Half Duplex Mode)
				Format: <io>,<irq>,<mode>
				See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_ser_hdx.c.
	
		boot_delay=	Milliseconds to delay each printk during boot.
				Values larger than 10 seconds (10000) are changed to
				no delay (0).
				Format: integer
	
		bootmem_debug	[KNL] Enable bootmem allocator debug messages.
	
		bttv.card=	[HW,V4L] bttv (bt848 + bt878 based grabber cards)
		bttv.radio=	Most important insmod options are available as
				kernel args too.
		bttv.pll=	See Documentation/video4linux/bttv/Insmod-options
		bttv.tuner=
	
		bulk_remove=off	[PPC]  This parameter disables the use of the pSeries
				firmware feature for flushing multiple hpte entries
				at a time.
	
		c101=		[NET] Moxa C101 synchronous serial card
	
		cachesize=	[BUGS=X86-32] Override level 2 CPU cache size detection.
				Sometimes CPU hardware bugs make them report the cache
				size incorrectly. The kernel will attempt work arounds
				to fix known problems, but for some CPUs it is not
				possible to determine what the correct size should be.
				This option provides an override for these situations.
	
		ccw_timeout_log [S390]
				See Documentation/s390/CommonIO for details.
	
		cgroup_disable= [KNL] Disable a particular controller
				Format: {name of the controller(s) to disable}
					{Currently supported controllers - "memory"}
	
		checkreqprot	[SELINUX] Set initial checkreqprot flag value.
				Format: { "0" | "1" }
				See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.
				0 -- check protection applied by kernel (includes
					any implied execute protection).
				1 -- check protection requested by application.
				Default value is set via a kernel config option.
				Value can be changed at runtime via
					/selinux/checkreqprot.
	
		cio_ignore=	[S390]
				See Documentation/s390/CommonIO for details.
	
		clock=		[BUGS=X86-32, HW] gettimeofday clocksource override.
				[Deprecated]
				Forces specified clocksource (if available) to be used
				when calculating gettimeofday(). If specified
				clocksource is not available, it defaults to PIT.
				Format: { pit | tsc | cyclone | pmtmr }
	
		clocksource=	Override the default clocksource
				Format: <string>
				Override the default clocksource and use the clocksource
				with the name specified.
				Some clocksource names to choose from, depending on
				the platform:
				[all] jiffies (this is the base, fallback clocksource)
				[ACPI] acpi_pm
				[ARM] imx_timer1,OSTS,netx_timer,mpu_timer2,
					pxa_timer,timer3,32k_counter,timer0_1
				[AVR32] avr32
				[X86-32] pit,hpet,tsc;
					scx200_hrt on Geode; cyclone on IBM x440
				[MIPS] MIPS
				[PARISC] cr16
				[S390] tod
				[SH] SuperH
				[SPARC64] tick
				[X86-64] hpet,tsc
	
		clearcpuid=BITNUM [X86]
				Disable CPUID feature X for the kernel. See
				arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h for the valid bit
				numbers. Note the Linux specific bits are not necessarily
				stable over kernel options, but the vendor specific
				ones should be.
				Also note that user programs calling CPUID directly
				or using the feature without checking anything
				will still see it. This just prevents it from
				being used by the kernel or shown in /proc/cpuinfo.
				Also note the kernel might malfunction if you disable
				some critical bits.
	
		cma=nn[MG]	[ARM,KNL]
				Sets the size of kernel global memory area for contiguous
				memory allocations. For more information, see
				include/linux/dma-contiguous.h
	
		cmo_free_hint=	[PPC] Format: { yes | no }
				Specify whether pages are marked as being inactive
				when they are freed.  This is used in CMO environments
				to determine OS memory pressure for page stealing by
				a hypervisor.
				Default: yes
	
		coherent_pool=nn[KMG]	[ARM,KNL]
				Sets the size of memory pool for coherent, atomic dma
				allocations, by default set to 256K.
	
		code_bytes	[X86] How many bytes of object code to print
				in an oops report.
				Range: 0 - 8192
				Default: 64
	
		com20020=	[HW,NET] ARCnet - COM20020 chipset
				Format:
				<io>[,<irq>[,<nodeID>[,<backplane>[,<ckp>[,<timeout>]]]]]
	
		com90io=	[HW,NET] ARCnet - COM90xx chipset (IO-mapped buffers)
				Format: <io>[,<irq>]
	
		com90xx=	[HW,NET]
				ARCnet - COM90xx chipset (memory-mapped buffers)
				Format: <io>[,<irq>[,<memstart>]]
	
		condev=		[HW,S390] console device
		conmode=
	
		console=	[KNL] Output console device and options.
	
			tty<n>	Use the virtual console device <n>.
	
			ttyS<n>[,options]
			ttyUSB0[,options]
				Use the specified serial port.  The options are of
				the form "bbbbpnf", where "bbbb" is the baud rate,
				"p" is parity ("n", "o", or "e"), "n" is number of
				bits, and "f" is flow control ("r" for RTS or
				omit it).  Default is "9600n8".
	
				See Documentation/serial-console.txt for more
				information.  See
				Documentation/networking/netconsole.txt for an
				alternative.
	
			uart[8250],io,<addr>[,options]
			uart[8250],mmio,<addr>[,options]
				Start an early, polled-mode console on the 8250/16550
				UART at the specified I/O port or MMIO address,
				switching to the matching ttyS device later.  The
				options are the same as for ttyS, above.
			hvc<n>	Use the hypervisor console device <n>. This is for
				both Xen and PowerPC hypervisors.
	
	                If the device connected to the port is not a TTY but a braille
	                device, prepend "brl," before the device type, for instance
				console=brl,ttyS0
			For now, only VisioBraille is supported.
	
		consoleblank=	[KNL] The console blank (screen saver) timeout in
				seconds. Defaults to 10*60 = 10mins. A value of 0
				disables the blank timer.
	
		coredump_filter=
				[KNL] Change the default value for
				/proc/<pid>/coredump_filter.
				See also Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt.
	
		cpuidle.off=1	[CPU_IDLE]
				disable the cpuidle sub-system
	
		cpcihp_generic=	[HW,PCI] Generic port I/O CompactPCI driver
				Format:
				<first_slot>,<last_slot>,<port>,<enum_bit>[,<debug>]
	
		crashkernel=size[KMG][@offset[KMG]]
				[KNL] Using kexec, Linux can switch to a 'crash kernel'
				upon panic. This parameter reserves the physical
				memory region [offset, offset + size] for that kernel
				image. If '@offset' is omitted, then a suitable offset
				is selected automatically. Check
				Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt for further details.
	
		crashkernel=range1:size1[,range2:size2,...][@offset]
				[KNL] Same as above, but depends on the memory
				in the running system. The syntax of range is
				start-[end] where start and end are both
				a memory unit (amount[KMG]). See also
				Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt for an example.
	
		crashkernel=size[KMG],high
				[KNL, x86_64] range could be above 4G. Allow kernel
				to allocate physical memory region from top, so could
				be above 4G if system have more than 4G ram installed.
				Otherwise memory region will be allocated below 4G, if
				available.
				It will be ignored if crashkernel=X is specified.
		crashkernel=size[KMG],low
				[KNL, x86_64] range under 4G. When crashkernel=X,high
				is passed, kernel could allocate physical memory region
				above 4G, that cause second kernel crash on system
				that require some amount of low memory, e.g. swiotlb
				requires at least 64M+32K low memory.  Kernel would
				try to allocate 72M below 4G automatically.
				This one let user to specify own low range under 4G
				for second kernel instead.
				0: to disable low allocation.
				It will be ignored when crashkernel=X,high is not used
				or memory reserved is below 4G.
	
		cs89x0_dma=	[HW,NET]
				Format: <dma>
	
		cs89x0_media=	[HW,NET]
				Format: { rj45 | aui | bnc }
	
		dasd=		[HW,NET]
				See header of drivers/s390/block/dasd_devmap.c.
	
		db9.dev[2|3]=	[HW,JOY] Multisystem joystick support via parallel port
				(one device per port)
				Format: <port#>,<type>
				See also Documentation/input/joystick-parport.txt
	
		ddebug_query=   [KNL,DYNAMIC_DEBUG] Enable debug messages at early boot
				time. See Documentation/dynamic-debug-howto.txt for
				details.  Deprecated, see dyndbg.
	
		debug		[KNL] Enable kernel debugging (events log level).
	
		debug_locks_verbose=
				[KNL] verbose self-tests
				Format=<0|1>
				Print debugging info while doing the locking API
				self-tests.
				We default to 0 (no extra messages), setting it to
				1 will print _a lot_ more information - normally
				only useful to kernel developers.
	
		debug_objects	[KNL] Enable object debugging
	
		no_debug_objects
				[KNL] Disable object debugging
	
		debug_guardpage_minorder=
				[KNL] When CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC is set, this
				parameter allows control of the order of pages that will
				be intentionally kept free (and hence protected) by the
				buddy allocator. Bigger value increase the probability
				of catching random memory corruption, but reduce the
				amount of memory for normal system use. The maximum
				possible value is MAX_ORDER/2.  Setting this parameter
				to 1 or 2 should be enough to identify most random
				memory corruption problems caused by bugs in kernel or
				driver code when a CPU writes to (or reads from) a
				random memory location. Note that there exists a class
				of memory corruptions problems caused by buggy H/W or
				F/W or by drivers badly programing DMA (basically when
				memory is written at bus level and the CPU MMU is
				bypassed) which are not detectable by
				CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC, hence this option will not help
				tracking down these problems.
	
		debugpat	[X86] Enable PAT debugging
	
		decnet.addr=	[HW,NET]
				Format: <area>[,<node>]
				See also Documentation/networking/decnet.txt.
	
		default_hugepagesz=
				[same as hugepagesz=] The size of the default
				HugeTLB page size. This is the size represented by
				the legacy /proc/ hugepages APIs, used for SHM, and
				default size when mounting hugetlbfs filesystems.
				Defaults to the default architecture's huge page size
				if not specified.
	
		dhash_entries=	[KNL]
				Set number of hash buckets for dentry cache.
	
		digi=		[HW,SERIAL]
				IO parameters + enable/disable command.
	
		digiepca=	[HW,SERIAL]
				See drivers/char/README.epca and
				Documentation/serial/digiepca.txt.
	
		disable=	[IPV6]
				See Documentation/networking/ipv6.txt.
	
		disable_ddw     [PPC/PSERIES]
				Disable Dynamic DMA Window support. Use this if
				to workaround buggy firmware.
	
		disable_ipv6=	[IPV6]
				See Documentation/networking/ipv6.txt.
	
		disable_mtrr_cleanup [X86]
				The kernel tries to adjust MTRR layout from continuous
				to discrete, to make X server driver able to add WB
				entry later. This parameter disables that.
	
		disable_mtrr_trim [X86, Intel and AMD only]
				By default the kernel will trim any uncacheable
				memory out of your available memory pool based on
				MTRR settings.  This parameter disables that behavior,
				possibly causing your machine to run very slowly.
	
		disable_timer_pin_1 [X86]
				Disable PIN 1 of APIC timer
				Can be useful to work around chipset bugs.
	
		dma_debug=off	If the kernel is compiled with DMA_API_DEBUG support,
				this option disables the debugging code at boot.
	
		dma_debug_entries=<number>
				This option allows to tune the number of preallocated
				entries for DMA-API debugging code. One entry is
				required per DMA-API allocation. Use this if the
				DMA-API debugging code disables itself because the
				architectural default is too low.
	
		dma_debug_driver=<driver_name>
				With this option the DMA-API debugging driver
				filter feature can be enabled at boot time. Just
				pass the driver to filter for as the parameter.
				The filter can be disabled or changed to another
				driver later using sysfs.
	
		drm_kms_helper.edid_firmware=[<connector>:]<file>
				Broken monitors, graphic adapters and KVMs may
				send no or incorrect EDID data sets. This parameter
				allows to specify an EDID data set in the
				/lib/firmware directory that is used instead.
				Generic built-in EDID data sets are used, if one of
				edid/1024x768.bin, edid/1280x1024.bin,
				edid/1680x1050.bin, or edid/1920x1080.bin is given
				and no file with the same name exists. Details and
				instructions how to build your own EDID data are
				available in Documentation/EDID/HOWTO.txt. An EDID
				data set will only be used for a particular connector,
				if its name and a colon are prepended to the EDID
				name.
	
		dscc4.setup=	[NET]
	
		dyndbg[="val"]		[KNL,DYNAMIC_DEBUG]
		module.dyndbg[="val"]
				Enable debug messages at boot time.  See
				Documentation/dynamic-debug-howto.txt for details.
	
		earlycon=	[KNL] Output early console device and options.
			uart[8250],io,<addr>[,options]
			uart[8250],mmio,<addr>[,options]
			uart[8250],mmio32,<addr>[,options]
				Start an early, polled-mode console on the 8250/16550
				UART at the specified I/O port or MMIO address.
				MMIO inter-register address stride is either 8-bit
				(mmio) or 32-bit (mmio32).
				The options are the same as for ttyS, above.
	
		earlyprintk=	[X86,SH,BLACKFIN]
				earlyprintk=vga
				earlyprintk=xen
				earlyprintk=serial[,ttySn[,baudrate]]
				earlyprintk=ttySn[,baudrate]
				earlyprintk=dbgp[debugController#]
	
				Append ",keep" to not disable it when the real console
				takes over.
	
				Only vga or serial or usb debug port at a time.
	
				Currently only ttyS0 and ttyS1 are supported.
	
				Interaction with the standard serial driver is not
				very good.
	
				The VGA output is eventually overwritten by the real
				console.
	
				The xen output can only be used by Xen PV guests.
	
		ekgdboc=	[X86,KGDB] Allow early kernel console debugging
				ekgdboc=kbd
	
				This is designed to be used in conjunction with
				the boot argument: earlyprintk=vga
	
		edd=		[EDD]
				Format: {"off" | "on" | "skip[mbr]"}
	
		efi_no_storage_paranoia [EFI; X86]
				Using this parameter you can use more than 50% of
				your efi variable storage. Use this parameter only if
				you are really sure that your UEFI does sane gc and
				fulfills the spec otherwise your board may brick.
	
		eisa_irq_edge=	[PARISC,HW]
				See header of drivers/parisc/eisa.c.
	
		elanfreq=	[X86-32]
				See comment before function elanfreq_setup() in
				arch/x86/kernel/cpu/cpufreq/elanfreq.c.
	
		elevator=	[IOSCHED]
				Format: {"cfq" | "deadline" | "noop"}
				See Documentation/block/cfq-iosched.txt and
				Documentation/block/deadline-iosched.txt for details.
	
		elfcorehdr=[size[KMG]@]offset[KMG] [IA64,PPC,SH,X86,S390]
				Specifies physical address of start of kernel core
				image elf header and optionally the size. Generally
				kexec loader will pass this option to capture kernel.
				See Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt for details.
	
		enable_mtrr_cleanup [X86]
				The kernel tries to adjust MTRR layout from continuous
				to discrete, to make X server driver able to add WB
				entry later. This parameter enables that.
	
		enable_timer_pin_1 [X86]
				Enable PIN 1 of APIC timer
				Can be useful to work around chipset bugs
				(in particular on some ATI chipsets).
				The kernel tries to set a reasonable default.
	
		enforcing	[SELINUX] Set initial enforcing status.
				Format: {"0" | "1"}
				See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.
				0 -- permissive (log only, no denials).
				1 -- enforcing (deny and log).
				Default value is 0.
				Value can be changed at runtime via /selinux/enforce.
	
		erst_disable	[ACPI]
				Disable Error Record Serialization Table (ERST)
				support.
	
		ether=		[HW,NET] Ethernet cards parameters
				This option is obsoleted by the "netdev=" option, which
				has equivalent usage. See its documentation for details.
	
		evm=		[EVM]
				Format: { "fix" }
				Permit 'security.evm' to be updated regardless of
				current integrity status.
	
		failslab=
		fail_page_alloc=
		fail_make_request=[KNL]
				General fault injection mechanism.
				Format: <interval>,<probability>,<space>,<times>
				See also Documentation/fault-injection/.
	
		floppy=		[HW]
				See Documentation/blockdev/floppy.txt.
	
		force_pal_cache_flush
				[IA-64] Avoid check_sal_cache_flush which may hang on
				buggy SAL_CACHE_FLUSH implementations. Using this
				parameter will force ia64_sal_cache_flush to call
				ia64_pal_cache_flush instead of SAL_CACHE_FLUSH.
	
		ftrace=[tracer]
				[FTRACE] will set and start the specified tracer
				as early as possible in order to facilitate early
				boot debugging.
	
		ftrace_dump_on_oops[=orig_cpu]
				[FTRACE] will dump the trace buffers on oops.
				If no parameter is passed, ftrace will dump
				buffers of all CPUs, but if you pass orig_cpu, it will
				dump only the buffer of the CPU that triggered the
				oops.
	
		ftrace_filter=[function-list]
				[FTRACE] Limit the functions traced by the function
				tracer at boot up. function-list is a comma separated
				list of functions. This list can be changed at run
				time by the set_ftrace_filter file in the debugfs
				tracing directory.
	
		ftrace_notrace=[function-list]
				[FTRACE] Do not trace the functions specified in
				function-list. This list can be changed at run time
				by the set_ftrace_notrace file in the debugfs
				tracing directory.
	
		ftrace_graph_filter=[function-list]
				[FTRACE] Limit the top level callers functions traced
				by the function graph tracer at boot up.
				function-list is a comma separated list of functions
				that can be changed at run time by the
				set_graph_function file in the debugfs tracing directory.
	
		gamecon.map[2|3]=
				[HW,JOY] Multisystem joystick and NES/SNES/PSX pad
				support via parallel port (up to 5 devices per port)
				Format: <port#>,<pad1>,<pad2>,<pad3>,<pad4>,<pad5>
				See also Documentation/input/joystick-parport.txt
	
		gamma=		[HW,DRM]
	
		gart_fix_e820=  [X86_64] disable the fix e820 for K8 GART
				Format: off | on
				default: on
	
		gcov_persist=	[GCOV] When non-zero (default), profiling data for
				kernel modules is saved and remains accessible via
				debugfs, even when the module is unloaded/reloaded.
				When zero, profiling data is discarded and associated
				debugfs files are removed at module unload time.
	
		gpt		[EFI] Forces disk with valid GPT signature but
				invalid Protective MBR to be treated as GPT.
	
		grcan.enable0=	[HW] Configuration of physical interface 0. Determines
				the "Enable 0" bit of the configuration register.
				Format: 0 | 1
				Default: 0
		grcan.enable1=	[HW] Configuration of physical interface 1. Determines
				the "Enable 0" bit of the configuration register.
				Format: 0 | 1
				Default: 0
		grcan.select=	[HW] Select which physical interface to use.
				Format: 0 | 1
				Default: 0
		grcan.txsize=	[HW] Sets the size of the tx buffer.
				Format: <unsigned int> such that (txsize & ~0x1fffc0) == 0.
				Default: 1024
		grcan.rxsize=	[HW] Sets the size of the rx buffer.
				Format: <unsigned int> such that (rxsize & ~0x1fffc0) == 0.
				Default: 1024
	
		hashdist=	[KNL,NUMA] Large hashes allocated during boot
				are distributed across NUMA nodes.  Defaults on
				for 64-bit NUMA, off otherwise.
				Format: 0 | 1 (for off | on)
	
		hcl=		[IA-64] SGI's Hardware Graph compatibility layer
	
		hd=		[EIDE] (E)IDE hard drive subsystem geometry
				Format: <cyl>,<head>,<sect>
	
		hest_disable	[ACPI]
				Disable Hardware Error Source Table (HEST) support;
				corresponding firmware-first mode error processing
				logic will be disabled.
	
		highmem=nn[KMG]	[KNL,BOOT] forces the highmem zone to have an exact
				size of <nn>. This works even on boxes that have no
				highmem otherwise. This also works to reduce highmem
				size on bigger boxes.
	
		highres=	[KNL] Enable/disable high resolution timer mode.
				Valid parameters: "on", "off"
				Default: "on"
	
		hisax=		[HW,ISDN]
				See Documentation/isdn/README.HiSax.
	
		hlt		[BUGS=ARM,SH]
	
		hpet=		[X86-32,HPET] option to control HPET usage
				Format: { enable (default) | disable | force |
					verbose }
				disable: disable HPET and use PIT instead
				force: allow force enabled of undocumented chips (ICH4,
					VIA, nVidia)
				verbose: show contents of HPET registers during setup
	
		hugepages=	[HW,X86-32,IA-64] HugeTLB pages to allocate at boot.
		hugepagesz=	[HW,IA-64,PPC,X86-64] The size of the HugeTLB pages.
				On x86-64 and powerpc, this option can be specified
				multiple times interleaved with hugepages= to reserve
				huge pages of different sizes. Valid pages sizes on
				x86-64 are 2M (when the CPU supports "pse") and 1G
				(when the CPU supports the "pdpe1gb" cpuinfo flag)
				Note that 1GB pages can only be allocated at boot time
				using hugepages= and not freed afterwards.
	
		hvc_iucv=	[S390] Number of z/VM IUCV hypervisor console (HVC)
				       terminal devices. Valid values: 0..8
		hvc_iucv_allow=	[S390] Comma-separated list of z/VM user IDs.
				       If specified, z/VM IUCV HVC accepts connections
				       from listed z/VM user IDs only.
	
		hwthread_map=	[METAG] Comma-separated list of Linux cpu id to
				        hardware thread id mappings.
					Format: <cpu>:<hwthread>
	
		keep_bootcon	[KNL]
				Do not unregister boot console at start. This is only
				useful for debugging when something happens in the window
				between unregistering the boot console and initializing
				the real console.
	
		i2c_bus=	[HW] Override the default board specific I2C bus speed
				     or register an additional I2C bus that is not
				     registered from board initialization code.
				     Format:
				     <bus_id>,<clkrate>
	
		i8042.debug	[HW] Toggle i8042 debug mode
		i8042.direct	[HW] Put keyboard port into non-translated mode
		i8042.dumbkbd	[HW] Pretend that controller can only read data from
				     keyboard and cannot control its state
				     (Don't attempt to blink the leds)
		i8042.noaux	[HW] Don't check for auxiliary (== mouse) port
		i8042.nokbd	[HW] Don't check/create keyboard port
		i8042.noloop	[HW] Disable the AUX Loopback command while probing
				     for the AUX port
		i8042.nomux	[HW] Don't check presence of an active multiplexing
				     controller
		i8042.nopnp	[HW] Don't use ACPIPnP / PnPBIOS to discover KBD/AUX
				     controllers
		i8042.notimeout	[HW] Ignore timeout condition signalled by controller
		i8042.reset	[HW] Reset the controller during init and cleanup
		i8042.unlock	[HW] Unlock (ignore) the keylock
	
		i810=		[HW,DRM]
	
		i8k.ignore_dmi	[HW] Continue probing hardware even if DMI data
				indicates that the driver is running on unsupported
				hardware.
		i8k.force	[HW] Activate i8k driver even if SMM BIOS signature
				does not match list of supported models.
		i8k.power_status
				[HW] Report power status in /proc/i8k
				(disabled by default)
		i8k.restricted	[HW] Allow controlling fans only if SYS_ADMIN
				capability is set.
	
		i915.invert_brightness=
				[DRM] Invert the sense of the variable that is used to
				set the brightness of the panel backlight. Normally a
				brightness value of 0 indicates backlight switched off,
				and the maximum of the brightness value sets the backlight
				to maximum brightness. If this parameter is set to 0
				(default) and the machine requires it, or this parameter
				is set to 1, a brightness value of 0 sets the backlight
				to maximum brightness, and the maximum of the brightness
				value switches the backlight off.
				-1 -- never invert brightness
				 0 -- machine default
				 1 -- force brightness inversion
	
		icn=		[HW,ISDN]
				Format: <io>[,<membase>[,<icn_id>[,<icn_id2>]]]
	
		ide-core.nodma=	[HW] (E)IDE subsystem
				Format: =0.0 to prevent dma on hda, =0.1 hdb =1.0 hdc
				.vlb_clock .pci_clock .noflush .nohpa .noprobe .nowerr
				.cdrom .chs .ignore_cable are additional options
				See Documentation/ide/ide.txt.
	
		ide-pci-generic.all-generic-ide [HW] (E)IDE subsystem
				Claim all unknown PCI IDE storage controllers.
	
		idle=		[X86]
				Format: idle=poll, idle=halt, idle=nomwait
				Poll forces a polling idle loop that can slightly
				improve the performance of waking up a idle CPU, but
				will use a lot of power and make the system run hot.
				Not recommended.
				idle=halt: Halt is forced to be used for CPU idle.
				In such case C2/C3 won't be used again.
				idle=nomwait: Disable mwait for CPU C-states
	
		ignore_loglevel	[KNL]
				Ignore loglevel setting - this will print /all/
				kernel messages to the console. Useful for debugging.
				We also add it as printk module parameter, so users
				could change it dynamically, usually by
				/sys/module/printk/parameters/ignore_loglevel.
	
		ihash_entries=	[KNL]
				Set number of hash buckets for inode cache.
	
		ima_appraise=	[IMA] appraise integrity measurements
				Format: { "off" | "enforce" | "fix" }
				default: "enforce"
	
		ima_appraise_tcb [IMA]
				The builtin appraise policy appraises all files
				owned by uid=0.
	
		ima_audit=	[IMA]
				Format: { "0" | "1" }
				0 -- integrity auditing messages. (Default)
				1 -- enable informational integrity auditing messages.
	
		ima_hash=	[IMA]
				Format: { "sha1" | "md5" }
				default: "sha1"
	
		ima_tcb		[IMA]
				Load a policy which meets the needs of the Trusted
				Computing Base.  This means IMA will measure all
				programs exec'd, files mmap'd for exec, and all files
				opened for read by uid=0.
	
		init=		[KNL]
				Format: <full_path>
				Run specified binary instead of /sbin/init as init
				process.
	
		initcall_debug	[KNL] Trace initcalls as they are executed.  Useful
				for working out where the kernel is dying during
				startup.
	
		initrd=		[BOOT] Specify the location of the initial ramdisk
	
		inport.irq=	[HW] Inport (ATI XL and Microsoft) busmouse driver
				Format: <irq>
	
		intel_iommu=	[DMAR] Intel IOMMU driver (DMAR) option
			on
				Enable intel iommu driver.
			off
				Disable intel iommu driver.
			igfx_off [Default Off]
				By default, gfx is mapped as normal device. If a gfx
				device has a dedicated DMAR unit, the DMAR unit is
				bypassed by not enabling DMAR with this option. In
				this case, gfx device will use physical address for
				DMA.
			forcedac [x86_64]
				With this option iommu will not optimize to look
				for io virtual address below 32-bit forcing dual
				address cycle on pci bus for cards supporting greater
				than 32-bit addressing. The default is to look
				for translation below 32-bit and if not available
				then look in the higher range.
			strict [Default Off]
				With this option on every unmap_single operation will
				result in a hardware IOTLB flush operation as opposed
				to batching them for performance.
			sp_off [Default Off]
				By default, super page will be supported if Intel IOMMU
				has the capability. With this option, super page will
				not be supported.
	
		intel_idle.max_cstate=	[KNL,HW,ACPI,X86]
				0	disables intel_idle and fall back on acpi_idle.
				1 to 6	specify maximum depth of C-state.
	
		intel_pstate=  [X86]
			       disable
			         Do not enable intel_pstate as the default
			         scaling driver for the supported processors
	
		intremap=	[X86-64, Intel-IOMMU]
				on	enable Interrupt Remapping (default)
				off	disable Interrupt Remapping
				nosid	disable Source ID checking
				no_x2apic_optout
					BIOS x2APIC opt-out request will be ignored
	
		iomem=		Disable strict checking of access to MMIO memory
			strict	regions from userspace.
			relaxed
	
		iommu=		[x86]
			off
			force
			noforce
			biomerge
			panic
			nopanic
			merge
			nomerge
			forcesac
			soft
			pt		[x86, IA-64]
	
	
		io7=		[HW] IO7 for Marvel based alpha systems
				See comment before marvel_specify_io7 in
				arch/alpha/kernel/core_marvel.c.
	
		io_delay=	[X86] I/O delay method
			0x80
				Standard port 0x80 based delay
			0xed
				Alternate port 0xed based delay (needed on some systems)
			udelay
				Simple two microseconds delay
			none
				No delay
	
		ip=		[IP_PNP]
				See Documentation/filesystems/nfs/nfsroot.txt.
	
		ip2=		[HW] Set IO/IRQ pairs for up to 4 IntelliPort boards
				See comment before ip2_setup() in
				drivers/char/ip2/ip2base.c.
	
		irqfixup	[HW]
				When an interrupt is not handled search all handlers
				for it. Intended to get systems with badly broken
				firmware running.
	
		irqpoll		[HW]
				When an interrupt is not handled search all handlers
				for it. Also check all handlers each timer
				interrupt. Intended to get systems with badly broken
				firmware running.
	
		isapnp=		[ISAPNP]
				Format: <RDP>,<reset>,<pci_scan>,<verbosity>
	
		isolcpus=	[KNL,SMP] Isolate CPUs from the general scheduler.
				Format:
				<cpu number>,...,<cpu number>
				or
				<cpu number>-<cpu number>
				(must be a positive range in ascending order)
				or a mixture
				<cpu number>,...,<cpu number>-<cpu number>
	
				This option can be used to specify one or more CPUs
				to isolate from the general SMP balancing and scheduling
				algorithms. You can move a process onto or off an
				"isolated" CPU via the CPU affinity syscalls or cpuset.
				<cpu number> begins at 0 and the maximum value is
				"number of CPUs in system - 1".
	
				This option is the preferred way to isolate CPUs. The
				alternative -- manually setting the CPU mask of all
				tasks in the system -- can cause problems and
				suboptimal load balancer performance.
	
		iucv=		[HW,NET]
	
		js=		[HW,JOY] Analog joystick
				See Documentation/input/joystick.txt.
	
		keepinitrd	[HW,ARM]
	
		kernelcore=nn[KMG]	[KNL,X86,IA-64,PPC] This parameter
				specifies the amount of memory usable by the kernel
				for non-movable allocations.  The requested amount is
				spread evenly throughout all nodes in the system. The
				remaining memory in each node is used for Movable
				pages. In the event, a node is too small to have both
				kernelcore and Movable pages, kernelcore pages will
				take priority and other nodes will have a larger number
				of kernelcore pages.  The Movable zone is used for the
				allocation of pages that may be reclaimed or moved
				by the page migration subsystem.  This means that
				HugeTLB pages may not be allocated from this zone.
				Note that allocations like PTEs-from-HighMem still
				use the HighMem zone if it exists, and the Normal
				zone if it does not.
	
		kgdbdbgp=	[KGDB,HW] kgdb over EHCI usb debug port.
				Format: <Controller#>[,poll interval]
				The controller # is the number of the ehci usb debug
				port as it is probed via PCI.  The poll interval is
				optional and is the number seconds in between
				each poll cycle to the debug port in case you need
				the functionality for interrupting the kernel with
				gdb or control-c on the dbgp connection.  When
				not using this parameter you use sysrq-g to break into
				the kernel debugger.
	
		kgdboc=		[KGDB,HW] kgdb over consoles.
				Requires a tty driver that supports console polling,
				or a supported polling keyboard driver (non-usb).
				 Serial only format: <serial_device>[,baud]
				 keyboard only format: kbd
				 keyboard and serial format: kbd,<serial_device>[,baud]
				Optional Kernel mode setting:
				 kms, kbd format: kms,kbd
				 kms, kbd and serial format: kms,kbd,<ser_dev>[,baud]
	
		kgdbwait	[KGDB] Stop kernel execution and enter the
				kernel debugger at the earliest opportunity.
	
		kmac=		[MIPS] korina ethernet MAC address.
				Configure the RouterBoard 532 series on-chip
				Ethernet adapter MAC address.
	
		kmemleak=	[KNL] Boot-time kmemleak enable/disable
				Valid arguments: on, off
				Default: on
	
		kstack=N	[X86] Print N words from the kernel stack
				in oops dumps.
	
		kvm.ignore_msrs=[KVM] Ignore guest accesses to unhandled MSRs.
				Default is 0 (don't ignore, but inject #GP)
	
		kvm.mmu_audit=	[KVM] This is a R/W parameter which allows audit
				KVM MMU at runtime.
				Default is 0 (off)
	
		kvm-amd.nested=	[KVM,AMD] Allow nested virtualization in KVM/SVM.
				Default is 1 (enabled)
	
		kvm-amd.npt=	[KVM,AMD] Disable nested paging (virtualized MMU)
				for all guests.
				Default is 1 (enabled) if in 64-bit or 32-bit PAE mode.
	
		kvm-intel.ept=	[KVM,Intel] Disable extended page tables
				(virtualized MMU) support on capable Intel chips.
				Default is 1 (enabled)
	
		kvm-intel.emulate_invalid_guest_state=
				[KVM,Intel] Enable emulation of invalid guest states
				Default is 0 (disabled)
	
		kvm-intel.flexpriority=
				[KVM,Intel] Disable FlexPriority feature (TPR shadow).
				Default is 1 (enabled)
	
		kvm-intel.nested=
				[KVM,Intel] Enable VMX nesting (nVMX).
				Default is 0 (disabled)
	
		kvm-intel.unrestricted_guest=
				[KVM,Intel] Disable unrestricted guest feature
				(virtualized real and unpaged mode) on capable
				Intel chips. Default is 1 (enabled)
	
		kvm-intel.vpid=	[KVM,Intel] Disable Virtual Processor Identification
				feature (tagged TLBs) on capable Intel chips.
				Default is 1 (enabled)
	
		l2cr=		[PPC]
	
		l3cr=		[PPC]
	
		lapic		[X86-32,APIC] Enable the local APIC even if BIOS
				disabled it.
	
		lapic=		[x86,APIC] "notscdeadline" Do not use TSC deadline
				value for LAPIC timer one-shot implementation. Default
				back to the programmable timer unit in the LAPIC.
	
		lapic_timer_c2_ok	[X86,APIC] trust the local apic timer
				in C2 power state.
	
		libata.dma=	[LIBATA] DMA control
				libata.dma=0	  Disable all PATA and SATA DMA
				libata.dma=1	  PATA and SATA Disk DMA only
				libata.dma=2	  ATAPI (CDROM) DMA only
				libata.dma=4	  Compact Flash DMA only
				Combinations also work, so libata.dma=3 enables DMA
				for disks and CDROMs, but not CFs.
	
		libata.ignore_hpa=	[LIBATA] Ignore HPA limit
				libata.ignore_hpa=0	  keep BIOS limits (default)
				libata.ignore_hpa=1	  ignore limits, using full disk
	
		libata.noacpi	[LIBATA] Disables use of ACPI in libata suspend/resume
				when set.
				Format: <int>
	
		libata.force=	[LIBATA] Force configurations.  The format is comma
				separated list of "[ID:]VAL" where ID is
				PORT[.DEVICE].  PORT and DEVICE are decimal numbers
				matching port, link or device.  Basically, it matches
				the ATA ID string printed on console by libata.  If
				the whole ID part is omitted, the last PORT and DEVICE
				values are used.  If ID hasn't been specified yet, the
				configuration applies to all ports, links and devices.
	
				If only DEVICE is omitted, the parameter applies to
				the port and all links and devices behind it.  DEVICE
				number of 0 either selects the first device or the
				first fan-out link behind PMP device.  It does not
				select the host link.  DEVICE number of 15 selects the
				host link and device attached to it.
	
				The VAL specifies the configuration to force.  As long
				as there's no ambiguity shortcut notation is allowed.
				For example, both 1.5 and 1.5G would work for 1.5Gbps.
				The following configurations can be forced.
	
				* Cable type: 40c, 80c, short40c, unk, ign or sata.
				  Any ID with matching PORT is used.
	
				* SATA link speed limit: 1.5Gbps or 3.0Gbps.
	
				* Transfer mode: pio[0-7], mwdma[0-4] and udma[0-7].
				  udma[/][16,25,33,44,66,100,133] notation is also
				  allowed.
	
				* [no]ncq: Turn on or off NCQ.
	
				* nohrst, nosrst, norst: suppress hard, soft
	                          and both resets.
	
				* rstonce: only attempt one reset during
				  hot-unplug link recovery
	
				* dump_id: dump IDENTIFY data.
	
				If there are multiple matching configurations changing
				the same attribute, the last one is used.
	
		memblock=debug	[KNL] Enable memblock debug messages.
	
		load_ramdisk=	[RAM] List of ramdisks to load from floppy
				See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt.
	
		lockd.nlm_grace_period=P  [NFS] Assign grace period.
				Format: <integer>
	
		lockd.nlm_tcpport=N	[NFS] Assign TCP port.
				Format: <integer>
	
		lockd.nlm_timeout=T	[NFS] Assign timeout value.
				Format: <integer>
	
		lockd.nlm_udpport=M	[NFS] Assign UDP port.
				Format: <integer>
	
		logibm.irq=	[HW,MOUSE] Logitech Bus Mouse Driver
				Format: <irq>
	
		loglevel=	All Kernel Messages with a loglevel smaller than the
				console loglevel will be printed to the console. It can
				also be changed with klogd or other programs. The
				loglevels are defined as follows:
	
				0 (KERN_EMERG)		system is unusable
				1 (KERN_ALERT)		action must be taken immediately
				2 (KERN_CRIT)		critical conditions
				3 (KERN_ERR)		error conditions
				4 (KERN_WARNING)	warning conditions
				5 (KERN_NOTICE)		normal but significant condition
				6 (KERN_INFO)		informational
				7 (KERN_DEBUG)		debug-level messages
	
		log_buf_len=n[KMG]	Sets the size of the printk ring buffer,
				in bytes.  n must be a power of two.  The default
				size is set in the kernel config file.
	
		logo.nologo	[FB] Disables display of the built-in Linux logo.
				This may be used to provide more screen space for
				kernel log messages and is useful when debugging
				kernel boot problems.
	
		lp=0		[LP]	Specify parallel ports to use, e.g,
		lp=port[,port...]	lp=none,parport0 (lp0 not configured, lp1 uses
		lp=reset		first parallel port). 'lp=0' disables the
		lp=auto			printer driver. 'lp=reset' (which can be
					specified in addition to the ports) causes
					attached printers to be reset. Using
					lp=port1,port2,... specifies the parallel ports
					to associate lp devices with, starting with
					lp0. A port specification may be 'none' to skip
					that lp device, or a parport name such as
					'parport0'. Specifying 'lp=auto' instead of a
					port specification list means that device IDs
					from each port should be examined, to see if
					an IEEE 1284-compliant printer is attached; if
					so, the driver will manage that printer.
					See also header of drivers/char/lp.c.
	
		lpj=n		[KNL]
				Sets loops_per_jiffy to given constant, thus avoiding
				time-consuming boot-time autodetection (up to 250 ms per
				CPU). 0 enables autodetection (default). To determine
				the correct value for your kernel, boot with normal
				autodetection and see what value is printed. Note that
				on SMP systems the preset will be applied to all CPUs,
				which is likely to cause problems if your CPUs need
				significantly divergent settings. An incorrect value
				will cause delays in the kernel to be wrong, leading to
				unpredictable I/O errors and other breakage. Although
				unlikely, in the extreme case this might damage your
				hardware.
	
		ltpc=		[NET]
				Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>
	
		machvec=	[IA-64] Force the use of a particular machine-vector
				(machvec) in a generic kernel.
				Example: machvec=hpzx1_swiotlb
	
		machtype=	[Loongson] Share the same kernel image file between different
				 yeeloong laptop.
				Example: machtype=lemote-yeeloong-2f-7inch
	
		max_addr=nn[KMG]	[KNL,BOOT,ia64] All physical memory greater
				than or equal to this physical address is ignored.
	
		maxcpus=	[SMP] Maximum number of processors that	an SMP kernel
				should make use of.  maxcpus=n : n >= 0 limits the
				kernel to using 'n' processors.  n=0 is a special case,
				it is equivalent to "nosmp", which also disables
				the IO APIC.
	
		max_loop=	[LOOP] The number of loop block devices that get
		(loop.max_loop)	unconditionally pre-created at init time. The default
				number is configured by BLK_DEV_LOOP_MIN_COUNT. Instead
				of statically allocating a predefined number, loop
				devices can be requested on-demand with the
				/dev/loop-control interface.
	
		mce		[X86-32] Machine Check Exception
	
		mce=option	[X86-64] See Documentation/x86/x86_64/boot-options.txt
	
		md=		[HW] RAID subsystems devices and level
				See Documentation/md.txt.
	
		mdacon=		[MDA]
				Format: <first>,<last>
				Specifies range of consoles to be captured by the MDA.
	
		mem=nn[KMG]	[KNL,BOOT] Force usage of a specific amount of memory
				Amount of memory to be used when the kernel is not able
				to see the whole system memory or for test.
				[X86] Work as limiting max address. Use together
				with memmap= to avoid physical address space collisions.
				Without memmap= PCI devices could be placed at addresses
				belonging to unused RAM.
	
		mem=nopentium	[BUGS=X86-32] Disable usage of 4MB pages for kernel
				memory.
	
		memchunk=nn[KMG]
				[KNL,SH] Allow user to override the default size for
				per-device physically contiguous DMA buffers.
	
		memmap=exactmap	[KNL,X86] Enable setting of an exact
				E820 memory map, as specified by the user.
				Such memmap=exactmap lines can be constructed based on
				BIOS output or other requirements. See the memmap=nn@ss
				option description.
	
		memmap=nn[KMG]@ss[KMG]
				[KNL] Force usage of a specific region of memory
				Region of memory to be used, from ss to ss+nn.
	
		memmap=nn[KMG]#ss[KMG]
				[KNL,ACPI] Mark specific memory as ACPI data.
				Region of memory to be used, from ss to ss+nn.
	
		memmap=nn[KMG]$ss[KMG]
				[KNL,ACPI] Mark specific memory as reserved.
				Region of memory to be used, from ss to ss+nn.
				Example: Exclude memory from 0x18690000-0x1869ffff
				         memmap=64K$0x18690000
				         or
				         memmap=0x10000$0x18690000
	
		memory_corruption_check=0/1 [X86]
				Some BIOSes seem to corrupt the first 64k of
				memory when doing things like suspend/resume.
				Setting this option will scan the memory
				looking for corruption.  Enabling this will
				both detect corruption and prevent the kernel
				from using the memory being corrupted.
				However, its intended as a diagnostic tool; if
				repeatable BIOS-originated corruption always
				affects the same memory, you can use memmap=
				to prevent the kernel from using that memory.
	
		memory_corruption_check_size=size [X86]
				By default it checks for corruption in the low
				64k, making this memory unavailable for normal
				use.  Use this parameter to scan for
				corruption in more or less memory.
	
		memory_corruption_check_period=seconds [X86]
				By default it checks for corruption every 60
				seconds.  Use this parameter to check at some
				other rate.  0 disables periodic checking.
	
		memtest=	[KNL,X86] Enable memtest
				Format: <integer>
				default : 0 <disable>
				Specifies the number of memtest passes to be
				performed. Each pass selects another test
				pattern from a given set of patterns. Memtest
				fills the memory with this pattern, validates
				memory contents and reserves bad memory
				regions that are detected.
	
		meye.*=		[HW] Set MotionEye Camera parameters
				See Documentation/video4linux/meye.txt.
	
		mfgpt_irq=	[IA-32] Specify the IRQ to use for the
				Multi-Function General Purpose Timers on AMD Geode
				platforms.
	
		mfgptfix	[X86-32] Fix MFGPT timers on AMD Geode platforms when
				the BIOS has incorrectly applied a workaround. TinyBIOS
				version 0.98 is known to be affected, 0.99 fixes the
				problem by letting the user disable the workaround.
	
		mga=		[HW,DRM]
	
		min_addr=nn[KMG]	[KNL,BOOT,ia64] All physical memory below this
				physical address is ignored.
	
		mini2440=	[ARM,HW,KNL]
				Format:[0..2][b][c][t]
				Default: "0tb"
				MINI2440 configuration specification:
				0 - The attached screen is the 3.5" TFT
				1 - The attached screen is the 7" TFT
				2 - The VGA Shield is attached (1024x768)
				Leaving out the screen size parameter will not load
				the TFT driver, and the framebuffer will be left
				unconfigured.
				b - Enable backlight. The TFT backlight pin will be
				linked to the kernel VESA blanking code and a GPIO
				LED. This parameter is not necessary when using the
				VGA shield.
				c - Enable the s3c camera interface.
				t - Reserved for enabling touchscreen support. The
				touchscreen support is not enabled in the mainstream
				kernel as of 2.6.30, a preliminary port can be found
				in the "bleeding edge" mini2440 support kernel at
				http://repo.or.cz/w/linux-2.6/mini2440.git
	
		mminit_loglevel=
				[KNL] When CONFIG_DEBUG_MEMORY_INIT is set, this
				parameter allows control of the logging verbosity for
				the additional memory initialisation checks. A value
				of 0 disables mminit logging and a level of 4 will
				log everything. Information is printed at KERN_DEBUG
				so loglevel=8 may also need to be specified.
	
		module.sig_enforce
				[KNL] When CONFIG_MODULE_SIG is set, this means that
				modules without (valid) signatures will fail to load.
				Note that if CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_ENFORCE is set, that
				is always true, so this option does nothing.
	
		mousedev.tap_time=
				[MOUSE] Maximum time between finger touching and
				leaving touchpad surface for touch to be considered
				a tap and be reported as a left button click (for
				touchpads working in absolute mode only).
				Format: <msecs>
		mousedev.xres=	[MOUSE] Horizontal screen resolution, used for devices
				reporting absolute coordinates, such as tablets
		mousedev.yres=	[MOUSE] Vertical screen resolution, used for devices
				reporting absolute coordinates, such as tablets
	
		movablecore=nn[KMG]	[KNL,X86,IA-64,PPC] This parameter
				is similar to kernelcore except it specifies the
				amount of memory used for migratable allocations.
				If both kernelcore and movablecore is specified,
				then kernelcore will be at *least* the specified
				value but may be more. If movablecore on its own
				is specified, the administrator must be careful
				that the amount of memory usable for all allocations
				is not too small.
	
		MTD_Partition=	[MTD]
				Format: <name>,<region-number>,<size>,<offset>
	
		MTD_Region=	[MTD] Format:
				<name>,<region-number>[,<base>,<size>,<buswidth>,<altbuswidth>]
	
		mtdparts=	[MTD]
				See drivers/mtd/cmdlinepart.c.
	
		multitce=off	[PPC]  This parameter disables the use of the pSeries
				firmware feature for updating multiple TCE entries
				at a time.
	
		onenand.bdry=	[HW,MTD] Flex-OneNAND Boundary Configuration
	
				Format: [die0_boundary][,die0_lock][,die1_boundary][,die1_lock]
	
				boundary - index of last SLC block on Flex-OneNAND.
					   The remaining blocks are configured as MLC blocks.
				lock	 - Configure if Flex-OneNAND boundary should be locked.
					   Once locked, the boundary cannot be changed.
					   1 indicates lock status, 0 indicates unlock status.
	
		mtdset=		[ARM]
				ARM/S3C2412 JIVE boot control
	
				See arch/arm/mach-s3c2412/mach-jive.c
	
		mtouchusb.raw_coordinates=
				[HW] Make the MicroTouch USB driver use raw coordinates
				('y', default) or cooked coordinates ('n')
	
		mtrr_chunk_size=nn[KMG] [X86]
				used for mtrr cleanup. It is largest continuous chunk
				that could hold holes aka. UC entries.
	
		mtrr_gran_size=nn[KMG] [X86]
				Used for mtrr cleanup. It is granularity of mtrr block.
				Default is 1.
				Large value could prevent small alignment from
				using up MTRRs.
	
		mtrr_spare_reg_nr=n [X86]
				Format: <integer>
				Range: 0,7 : spare reg number
				Default : 1
				Used for mtrr cleanup. It is spare mtrr entries number.
				Set to 2 or more if your graphical card needs more.
	
		n2=		[NET] SDL Inc. RISCom/N2 synchronous serial card
	
		netdev=		[NET] Network devices parameters
				Format: <irq>,<io>,<mem_start>,<mem_end>,<name>
				Note that mem_start is often overloaded to mean
				something different and driver-specific.
				This usage is only documented in each driver source
				file if at all.
	
		nf_conntrack.acct=
				[NETFILTER] Enable connection tracking flow accounting
				0 to disable accounting
				1 to enable accounting
				Default value is 0.
	
		nfsaddrs=	[NFS] Deprecated.  Use ip= instead.
				See Documentation/filesystems/nfs/nfsroot.txt.
	
		nfsroot=	[NFS] nfs root filesystem for disk-less boxes.
				See Documentation/filesystems/nfs/nfsroot.txt.
	
		nfsrootdebug	[NFS] enable nfsroot debugging messages.
				See Documentation/filesystems/nfs/nfsroot.txt.
	
		nfs.callback_tcpport=
				[NFS] set the TCP port on which the NFSv4 callback
				channel should listen.
	
		nfs.cache_getent=
				[NFS] sets the pathname to the program which is used
				to update the NFS client cache entries.
	
		nfs.cache_getent_timeout=
				[NFS] sets the timeout after which an attempt to
				update a cache entry is deemed to have failed.
	
		nfs.idmap_cache_timeout=
				[NFS] set the maximum lifetime for idmapper cache
				entries.
	
		nfs.enable_ino64=
				[NFS] enable 64-bit inode numbers.
				If zero, the NFS client will fake up a 32-bit inode
				number for the readdir() and stat() syscalls instead
				of returning the full 64-bit number.
				The default is to return 64-bit inode numbers.
	
		nfs.max_session_slots=
				[NFSv4.1] Sets the maximum number of session slots
				the client will attempt to negotiate with the server.
				This limits the number of simultaneous RPC requests
				that the client can send to the NFSv4.1 server.
				Note that there is little point in setting this
				value higher than the max_tcp_slot_table_limit.
	
		nfs.nfs4_disable_idmapping=
				[NFSv4] When set to the default of '1', this option
				ensures that both the RPC level authentication
				scheme and the NFS level operations agree to use
				numeric uids/gids if the mount is using the
				'sec=sys' security flavour. In effect it is
				disabling idmapping, which can make migration from
				legacy NFSv2/v3 systems to NFSv4 easier.
				Servers that do not support this mode of operation
				will be autodetected by the client, and it will fall
				back to using the idmapper.
				To turn off this behaviour, set the value to '0'.
		nfs.nfs4_unique_id=
				[NFS4] Specify an additional fixed unique ident-
				ification string that NFSv4 clients can insert into
				their nfs_client_id4 string.  This is typically a
				UUID that is generated at system install time.
	
		nfs.send_implementation_id =
				[NFSv4.1] Send client implementation identification
				information in exchange_id requests.
				If zero, no implementation identification information
				will be sent.
				The default is to send the implementation identification
				information.
	
		nfsd.nfs4_disable_idmapping=
				[NFSv4] When set to the default of '1', the NFSv4
				server will return only numeric uids and gids to
				clients using auth_sys, and will accept numeric uids
				and gids from such clients.  This is intended to ease
				migration from NFSv2/v3.
	
		objlayoutdriver.osd_login_prog=
				[NFS] [OBJLAYOUT] sets the pathname to the program which
				is used to automatically discover and login into new
				osd-targets. Please see:
				Documentation/filesystems/pnfs.txt for more explanations
	
		nmi_debug=	[KNL,AVR32,SH] Specify one or more actions to take
				when a NMI is triggered.
				Format: [state][,regs][,debounce][,die]
	
		nmi_watchdog=	[KNL,BUGS=X86] Debugging features for SMP kernels
				Format: [panic,][nopanic,][num]
				Valid num: 0
				0 - turn nmi_watchdog off
				When panic is specified, panic when an NMI watchdog
				timeout occurs (or 'nopanic' to override the opposite
				default).
				This is useful when you use a panic=... timeout and
				need the box quickly up again.
	
		netpoll.carrier_timeout=
				[NET] Specifies amount of time (in seconds) that
				netpoll should wait for a carrier. By default netpoll
				waits 4 seconds.
	
		no387		[BUGS=X86-32] Tells the kernel to use the 387 maths
				emulation library even if a 387 maths coprocessor
				is present.
	
		no_console_suspend
				[HW] Never suspend the console
				Disable suspending of consoles during suspend and
				hibernate operations.  Once disabled, debugging
				messages can reach various consoles while the rest
				of the system is being put to sleep (ie, while
				debugging driver suspend/resume hooks).  This may
				not work reliably with all consoles, but is known
				to work with serial and VGA consoles.
				To facilitate more flexible debugging, we also add
				console_suspend, a printk module parameter to control
				it. Users could use console_suspend (usually
				/sys/module/printk/parameters/console_suspend) to
				turn on/off it dynamically.
	
		noaliencache	[MM, NUMA, SLAB] Disables the allocation of alien
				caches in the slab allocator.  Saves per-node memory,
				but will impact performance.
	
		noalign		[KNL,ARM]
	
		noapic		[SMP,APIC] Tells the kernel to not make use of any
				IOAPICs that may be present in the system.
	
		noautogroup	Disable scheduler automatic task group creation.
	
		nobats		[PPC] Do not use BATs for mapping kernel lowmem
				on "Classic" PPC cores.
	
		nocache		[ARM]
	
		noclflush	[BUGS=X86] Don't use the CLFLUSH instruction
	
		nodelayacct	[KNL] Disable per-task delay accounting
	
		nodisconnect	[HW,SCSI,M68K] Disables SCSI disconnects.
	
		nodsp		[SH] Disable hardware DSP at boot time.
	
		noefi		[X86] Disable EFI runtime services support.
	
		noexec		[IA-64]
	
		noexec		[X86]
				On X86-32 available only on PAE configured kernels.
				noexec=on: enable non-executable mappings (default)
				noexec=off: disable non-executable mappings
	
		nosmap		[X86]
				Disable SMAP (Supervisor Mode Access Prevention)
				even if it is supported by processor.
	
		nosmep		[X86]
				Disable SMEP (Supervisor Mode Execution Prevention)
				even if it is supported by processor.
	
		noexec32	[X86-64]
				This affects only 32-bit executables.
				noexec32=on: enable non-executable mappings (default)
					read doesn't imply executable mappings
				noexec32=off: disable non-executable mappings
					read implies executable mappings
	
		nofpu		[SH] Disable hardware FPU at boot time.
	
		nofxsr		[BUGS=X86-32] Disables x86 floating point extended
				register save and restore. The kernel will only save
				legacy floating-point registers on task switch.
	
		noxsave		[BUGS=X86] Disables x86 extended register state save
				and restore using xsave. The kernel will fallback to
				enabling legacy floating-point and sse state.
	
		eagerfpu=	[X86]
				on	enable eager fpu restore
				off	disable eager fpu restore
				auto	selects the default scheme, which automatically
					enables eagerfpu restore for xsaveopt.
	
		nohlt		[BUGS=ARM,SH] Tells the kernel that the sleep(SH) or
				wfi(ARM) instruction doesn't work correctly and not to
				use it. This is also useful when using JTAG debugger.
	
		no_file_caps	Tells the kernel not to honor file capabilities.  The
				only way then for a file to be executed with privilege
				is to be setuid root or executed by root.
	
		nohalt		[IA-64] Tells the kernel not to use the power saving
				function PAL_HALT_LIGHT when idle. This increases
				power-consumption. On the positive side, it reduces
				interrupt wake-up latency, which may improve performance
				in certain environments such as networked servers or
				real-time systems.
	
		nohz=		[KNL] Boottime enable/disable dynamic ticks
				Valid arguments: on, off
				Default: on
	
		noiotrap	[SH] Disables trapped I/O port accesses.
	
		noirqdebug	[X86-32] Disables the code which attempts to detect and
				disable unhandled interrupt sources.
	
		no_timer_check	[X86,APIC] Disables the code which tests for
				broken timer IRQ sources.
	
		noisapnp	[ISAPNP] Disables ISA PnP code.
	
		noinitrd	[RAM] Tells the kernel not to load any configured
				initial RAM disk.
	
		nointremap	[X86-64, Intel-IOMMU] Do not enable interrupt
				remapping.
				[Deprecated - use intremap=off]
	
		nointroute	[IA-64]
	
		nojitter	[IA-64] Disables jitter checking for ITC timers.
	
		no-kvmclock	[X86,KVM] Disable paravirtualized KVM clock driver
	
		no-kvmapf	[X86,KVM] Disable paravirtualized asynchronous page
				fault handling.
	
		no-steal-acc    [X86,KVM] Disable paravirtualized steal time accounting.
				steal time is computed, but won't influence scheduler
				behaviour
	
		nolapic		[X86-32,APIC] Do not enable or use the local APIC.
	
		nolapic_timer	[X86-32,APIC] Do not use the local APIC timer.
	
		noltlbs		[PPC] Do not use large page/tlb entries for kernel
				lowmem mapping on PPC40x.
	
		nomca		[IA-64] Disable machine check abort handling
	
		nomce		[X86-32] Machine Check Exception
	
		nomfgpt		[X86-32] Disable Multi-Function General Purpose
				Timer usage (for AMD Geode machines).
	
		nonmi_ipi	[X86] Disable using NMI IPIs during panic/reboot to
				shutdown the other cpus.  Instead use the REBOOT_VECTOR
				irq.
	
		nomodule	Disable module load
	
		nopat		[X86] Disable PAT (page attribute table extension of
				pagetables) support.
	
		norandmaps	Don't use address space randomization.  Equivalent to
				echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/randomize_va_space
	
		noreplace-paravirt	[X86,IA-64,PV_OPS] Don't patch paravirt_ops
	
		noreplace-smp	[X86-32,SMP] Don't replace SMP instructions
				with UP alternatives
	
		noresidual	[PPC] Don't use residual data on PReP machines.
	
		nordrand	[X86] Disable the direct use of the RDRAND
				instruction even if it is supported by the
				processor.  RDRAND is still available to user
				space applications.
	
		noresume	[SWSUSP] Disables resume and restores original swap
				space.
	
		no-scroll	[VGA] Disables scrollback.
				This is required for the Braillex ib80-piezo Braille
				reader made by F.H. Papenmeier (Germany).
	
		nosbagart	[IA-64]
	
		nosep		[BUGS=X86-32] Disables x86 SYSENTER/SYSEXIT support.
	
		nosmp		[SMP] Tells an SMP kernel to act as a UP kernel,
				and disable the IO APIC.  legacy for "maxcpus=0".
	
		nosoftlockup	[KNL] Disable the soft-lockup detector.
	
		nosync		[HW,M68K] Disables sync negotiation for all devices.
	
		notsc		[BUGS=X86-32] Disable Time Stamp Counter
	
		nousb		[USB] Disable the USB subsystem
	
		nowatchdog	[KNL] Disable the lockup detector (NMI watchdog).
	
		nowb		[ARM]
	
		nox2apic	[X86-64,APIC] Do not enable x2APIC mode.
	
		cpu0_hotplug	[X86] Turn on CPU0 hotplug feature when
				CONFIG_BOOTPARAM_HOTPLUG_CPU0 is off.
				Some features depend on CPU0. Known dependencies are:
				1. Resume from suspend/hibernate depends on CPU0.
				Suspend/hibernate will fail if CPU0 is offline and you
				need to online CPU0 before suspend/hibernate.
				2. PIC interrupts also depend on CPU0. CPU0 can't be
				removed if a PIC interrupt is detected.
				It's said poweroff/reboot may depend on CPU0 on some
				machines although I haven't seen such issues so far
				after CPU0 is offline on a few tested machines.
				If the dependencies are under your control, you can
				turn on cpu0_hotplug.
	
		nptcg=		[IA-64] Override max number of concurrent global TLB
				purges which is reported from either PAL_VM_SUMMARY or
				SAL PALO.
	
		nr_cpus=	[SMP] Maximum number of processors that	an SMP kernel
				could support.  nr_cpus=n : n >= 1 limits the kernel to
				supporting 'n' processors. Later in runtime you can not
				use hotplug cpu feature to put more cpu back to online.
				just like you compile the kernel NR_CPUS=n
	
		nr_uarts=	[SERIAL] maximum number of UARTs to be registered.
	
		numa_balancing=	[KNL,X86] Enable or disable automatic NUMA balancing.
				Allowed values are enable and disable
	
		numa_zonelist_order= [KNL, BOOT] Select zonelist order for NUMA.
				one of ['zone', 'node', 'default'] can be specified
				This can be set from sysctl after boot.
				See Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt for details.
	
		ohci1394_dma=early	[HW] enable debugging via the ohci1394 driver.
				See Documentation/debugging-via-ohci1394.txt for more
				info.
	
		olpc_ec_timeout= [OLPC] ms delay when issuing EC commands
				Rather than timing out after 20 ms if an EC
				command is not properly ACKed, override the length
				of the timeout.  We have interrupts disabled while
				waiting for the ACK, so if this is set too high
				interrupts *may* be lost!
	
		omap_mux=	[OMAP] Override bootloader pin multiplexing.
				Format: <mux_mode0.mode_name=value>...
				For example, to override I2C bus2:
				omap_mux=i2c2_scl.i2c2_scl=0x100,i2c2_sda.i2c2_sda=0x100
	
		oprofile.timer=	[HW]
				Use timer interrupt instead of performance counters
	
		oprofile.cpu_type=	Force an oprofile cpu type
				This might be useful if you have an older oprofile
				userland or if you want common events.
				Format: { arch_perfmon }
				arch_perfmon: [X86] Force use of architectural
					perfmon on Intel CPUs instead of the
					CPU specific event set.
				timer: [X86] Force use of architectural NMI
					timer mode (see also oprofile.timer
					for generic hr timer mode)
					[s390] Force legacy basic mode sampling
	                                (report cpu_type "timer")
	
		oops=panic	Always panic on oopses. Default is to just kill the
				process, but there is a small probability of
				deadlocking the machine.
				This will also cause panics on machine check exceptions.
				Useful together with panic=30 to trigger a reboot.
	
		OSS		[HW,OSS]
				See Documentation/sound/oss/oss-parameters.txt
	
		panic=		[KNL] Kernel behaviour on panic: delay <timeout>
				timeout > 0: seconds before rebooting
				timeout = 0: wait forever
				timeout < 0: reboot immediately
				Format: <timeout>
	
		parkbd.port=	[HW] Parallel port number the keyboard adapter is
				connected to, default is 0.
				Format: <parport#>
		parkbd.mode=	[HW] Parallel port keyboard adapter mode of operation,
				0 for XT, 1 for AT (default is AT).
				Format: <mode>
	
		parport=	[HW,PPT] Specify parallel ports. 0 disables.
				Format: { 0 | auto | 0xBBB[,IRQ[,DMA]] }
				Use 'auto' to force the driver to use any
				IRQ/DMA settings detected (the default is to
				ignore detected IRQ/DMA settings because of
				possible conflicts). You can specify the base
				address, IRQ, and DMA settings; IRQ and DMA
				should be numbers, or 'auto' (for using detected
				settings on that particular port), or 'nofifo'
				(to avoid using a FIFO even if it is detected).
				Parallel ports are assigned in the order they
				are specified on the command line, starting
				with parport0.
	
		parport_init_mode=	[HW,PPT]
				Configure VIA parallel port to operate in
				a specific mode. This is necessary on Pegasos
				computer where firmware has no options for setting
				up parallel port mode and sets it to spp.
				Currently this function knows 686a and 8231 chips.
				Format: [spp|ps2|epp|ecp|ecpepp]
	
		pause_on_oops=
				Halt all CPUs after the first oops has been printed for
				the specified number of seconds.  This is to be used if
				your oopses keep scrolling off the screen.
	
		pcbit=		[HW,ISDN]
	
		pcd.		[PARIDE]
				See header of drivers/block/paride/pcd.c.
				See also Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
	
		pci=option[,option...]	[PCI] various PCI subsystem options:
			earlydump	[X86] dump PCI config space before the kernel
				        changes anything
			off		[X86] don't probe for the PCI bus
			bios		[X86-32] force use of PCI BIOS, don't access
					the hardware directly. Use this if your machine
					has a non-standard PCI host bridge.
			nobios		[X86-32] disallow use of PCI BIOS, only direct
					hardware access methods are allowed. Use this
					if you experience crashes upon bootup and you
					suspect they are caused by the BIOS.
			conf1		[X86] Force use of PCI Configuration
					Mechanism 1.
			conf2		[X86] Force use of PCI Configuration
					Mechanism 2.
			noaer		[PCIE] If the PCIEAER kernel config parameter is
					enabled, this kernel boot option can be used to
					disable the use of PCIE advanced error reporting.
			nodomains	[PCI] Disable support for multiple PCI
					root domains (aka PCI segments, in ACPI-speak).
			nommconf	[X86] Disable use of MMCONFIG for PCI
					Configuration
			check_enable_amd_mmconf [X86] check for and enable
					properly configured MMIO access to PCI
					config space on AMD family 10h CPU
			nomsi		[MSI] If the PCI_MSI kernel config parameter is
					enabled, this kernel boot option can be used to
					disable the use of MSI interrupts system-wide.
			noioapicquirk	[APIC] Disable all boot interrupt quirks.
					Safety option to keep boot IRQs enabled. This
					should never be necessary.
			ioapicreroute	[APIC] Enable rerouting of boot IRQs to the
					primary IO-APIC for bridges that cannot disable
					boot IRQs. This fixes a source of spurious IRQs
					when the system masks IRQs.
			noioapicreroute	[APIC] Disable workaround that uses the
					boot IRQ equivalent of an IRQ that connects to
					a chipset where boot IRQs cannot be disabled.
					The opposite of ioapicreroute.
			biosirq		[X86-32] Use PCI BIOS calls to get the interrupt
					routing table. These calls are known to be buggy
					on several machines and they hang the machine
					when used, but on other computers it's the only
					way to get the interrupt routing table. Try
					this option if the kernel is unable to allocate
					IRQs or discover secondary PCI buses on your
					motherboard.
			rom		[X86] Assign address space to expansion ROMs.
					Use with caution as certain devices share
					address decoders between ROMs and other
					resources.
			norom		[X86] Do not assign address space to
					expansion ROMs that do not already have
					BIOS assigned address ranges.
			nobar		[X86] Do not assign address space to the
					BARs that weren't assigned by the BIOS.
			irqmask=0xMMMM	[X86] Set a bit mask of IRQs allowed to be
					assigned automatically to PCI devices. You can
					make the kernel exclude IRQs of your ISA cards
					this way.
			pirqaddr=0xAAAAA	[X86] Specify the physical address
					of the PIRQ table (normally generated
					by the BIOS) if it is outside the
					F0000h-100000h range.
			lastbus=N	[X86] Scan all buses thru bus #N. Can be
					useful if the kernel is unable to find your
					secondary buses and you want to tell it
					explicitly which ones they are.
			assign-busses	[X86] Always assign all PCI bus
					numbers ourselves, overriding
					whatever the firmware may have done.
			usepirqmask	[X86] Honor the possible IRQ mask stored
					in the BIOS $PIR table. This is needed on
					some systems with broken BIOSes, notably
					some HP Pavilion N5400 and Omnibook XE3
					notebooks. This will have no effect if ACPI
					IRQ routing is enabled.
			noacpi		[X86] Do not use ACPI for IRQ routing
					or for PCI scanning.
			use_crs		[X86] Use PCI host bridge window information
					from ACPI.  On BIOSes from 2008 or later, this
					is enabled by default.  If you need to use this,
					please report a bug.
			nocrs		[X86] Ignore PCI host bridge windows from ACPI.
				        If you need to use this, please report a bug.
			routeirq	Do IRQ routing for all PCI devices.
					This is normally done in pci_enable_device(),
					so this option is a temporary workaround
					for broken drivers that don't call it.
			skip_isa_align	[X86] do not align io start addr, so can
					handle more pci cards
			firmware	[ARM] Do not re-enumerate the bus but instead
					just use the configuration from the
					bootloader. This is currently used on
					IXP2000 systems where the bus has to be
					configured a certain way for adjunct CPUs.
			noearly		[X86] Don't do any early type 1 scanning.
					This might help on some broken boards which
					machine check when some devices' config space
					is read. But various workarounds are disabled
					and some IOMMU drivers will not work.
			bfsort		Sort PCI devices into breadth-first order.
					This sorting is done to get a device
					order compatible with older (<= 2.4) kernels.
			nobfsort	Don't sort PCI devices into breadth-first order.
			pcie_bus_tune_off	Disable PCIe MPS (Max Payload Size)
					tuning and use the BIOS-configured MPS defaults.
			pcie_bus_safe	Set every device's MPS to the largest value
					supported by all devices below the root complex.
			pcie_bus_perf	Set device MPS to the largest allowable MPS
					based on its parent bus. Also set MRRS (Max
					Read Request Size) to the largest supported
					value (no larger than the MPS that the device
					or bus can support) for best performance.
			pcie_bus_peer2peer	Set every device's MPS to 128B, which
					every device is guaranteed to support. This
					configuration allows peer-to-peer DMA between
					any pair of devices, possibly at the cost of
					reduced performance.  This also guarantees
					that hot-added devices will work.
			cbiosize=nn[KMG]	The fixed amount of bus space which is
					reserved for the CardBus bridge's IO window.
					The default value is 256 bytes.
			cbmemsize=nn[KMG]	The fixed amount of bus space which is
					reserved for the CardBus bridge's memory
					window. The default value is 64 megabytes.
			resource_alignment=
					Format:
					[<order of align>@][<domain>:]<bus>:<slot>.<func>[; ...]
					Specifies alignment and device to reassign
					aligned memory resources.
					If <order of align> is not specified,
					PAGE_SIZE is used as alignment.
					PCI-PCI bridge can be specified, if resource
					windows need to be expanded.
			ecrc=		Enable/disable PCIe ECRC (transaction layer
					end-to-end CRC checking).
					bios: Use BIOS/firmware settings. This is the
					the default.
					off: Turn ECRC off
					on: Turn ECRC on.
			hpiosize=nn[KMG]	The fixed amount of bus space which is
					reserved for hotplug bridge's IO window.
					Default size is 256 bytes.
			hpmemsize=nn[KMG]	The fixed amount of bus space which is
					reserved for hotplug bridge's memory window.
					Default size is 2 megabytes.
			realloc=	Enable/disable reallocating PCI bridge resources
					if allocations done by BIOS are too small to
					accommodate resources required by all child
					devices.
					off: Turn realloc off
					on: Turn realloc on
			realloc		same as realloc=on
			noari		do not use PCIe ARI.
			pcie_scan_all	Scan all possible PCIe devices.  Otherwise we
					only look for one device below a PCIe downstream
					port.
	
		pcie_aspm=	[PCIE] Forcibly enable or disable PCIe Active State Power
				Management.
			off	Disable ASPM.
			force	Enable ASPM even on devices that claim not to support it.
				WARNING: Forcing ASPM on may cause system lockups.
	
		pcie_hp=	[PCIE] PCI Express Hotplug driver options:
			nomsi	Do not use MSI for PCI Express Native Hotplug (this
				makes all PCIe ports use INTx for hotplug services).
	
		pcie_ports=	[PCIE] PCIe ports handling:
			auto	Ask the BIOS whether or not to use native PCIe services
				associated with PCIe ports (PME, hot-plug, AER).  Use
				them only if that is allowed by the BIOS.
			native	Use native PCIe services associated with PCIe ports
				unconditionally.
			compat	Treat PCIe ports as PCI-to-PCI bridges, disable the PCIe
				ports driver.
	
		pcie_pme=	[PCIE,PM] Native PCIe PME signaling options:
			nomsi	Do not use MSI for native PCIe PME signaling (this makes
				all PCIe root ports use INTx for all services).
	
		pcmv=		[HW,PCMCIA] BadgePAD 4
	
		pd.		[PARIDE]
				See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
	
		pdcchassis=	[PARISC,HW] Disable/Enable PDC Chassis Status codes at
				boot time.
				Format: { 0 | 1 }
				See arch/parisc/kernel/pdc_chassis.c
	
		percpu_alloc=	Select which percpu first chunk allocator to use.
				Currently supported values are "embed" and "page".
				Archs may support subset or none of the	selections.
				See comments in mm/percpu.c for details on each
				allocator.  This parameter is primarily	for debugging
				and performance comparison.
	
		pf.		[PARIDE]
				See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
	
		pg.		[PARIDE]
				See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
	
		pirq=		[SMP,APIC] Manual mp-table setup
				See Documentation/x86/i386/IO-APIC.txt.
	
		plip=		[PPT,NET] Parallel port network link
				Format: { parport<nr> | timid | 0 }
				See also Documentation/parport.txt.
	
		pmtmr=		[X86] Manual setup of pmtmr I/O Port.
				Override pmtimer IOPort with a hex value.
				e.g. pmtmr=0x508
	
		pnp.debug=1	[PNP]
				Enable PNP debug messages (depends on the
				CONFIG_PNP_DEBUG_MESSAGES option).  Change at run-time
				via /sys/module/pnp/parameters/debug.  We always show
				current resource usage; turning this on also shows
				possible settings and some assignment information.
	
		pnpacpi=	[ACPI]
				{ off }
	
		pnpbios=	[ISAPNP]
				{ on | off | curr | res | no-curr | no-res }
	
		pnp_reserve_irq=
				[ISAPNP] Exclude IRQs for the autoconfiguration
	
		pnp_reserve_dma=
				[ISAPNP] Exclude DMAs for the autoconfiguration
	
		pnp_reserve_io=	[ISAPNP] Exclude I/O ports for the autoconfiguration
				Ranges are in pairs (I/O port base and size).
	
		pnp_reserve_mem=
				[ISAPNP] Exclude memory regions for the
				autoconfiguration.
				Ranges are in pairs (memory base and size).
	
		ports=		[IP_VS_FTP] IPVS ftp helper module
				Default is 21.
				Up to 8 (IP_VS_APP_MAX_PORTS) ports
				may be specified.
				Format: <port>,<port>....
	
		print-fatal-signals=
				[KNL] debug: print fatal signals
	
				If enabled, warn about various signal handling
				related application anomalies: too many signals,
				too many POSIX.1 timers, fatal signals causing a
				coredump - etc.
	
				If you hit the warning due to signal overflow,
				you might want to try "ulimit -i unlimited".
	
				default: off.
	
		printk.always_kmsg_dump=
				Trigger kmsg_dump for cases other than kernel oops or
				panics
				Format: <bool>  (1/Y/y=enable, 0/N/n=disable)
				default: disabled
	
		printk.time=	Show timing data prefixed to each printk message line
				Format: <bool>  (1/Y/y=enable, 0/N/n=disable)
	
		processor.max_cstate=	[HW,ACPI]
				Limit processor to maximum C-state
				max_cstate=9 overrides any DMI blacklist limit.
	
		processor.nocst	[HW,ACPI]
				Ignore the _CST method to determine C-states,
				instead using the legacy FADT method
	
		profile=	[KNL] Enable kernel profiling via /proc/profile
				Format: [schedule,]<number>
				Param: "schedule" - profile schedule points.
				Param: <number> - step/bucket size as a power of 2 for
					statistical time based profiling.
				Param: "sleep" - profile D-state sleeping (millisecs).
					Requires CONFIG_SCHEDSTATS
				Param: "kvm" - profile VM exits.
	
		prompt_ramdisk=	[RAM] List of RAM disks to prompt for floppy disk
				before loading.
				See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt.
	
		psmouse.proto=	[HW,MOUSE] Highest PS2 mouse protocol extension to
				probe for; one of (bare|imps|exps|lifebook|any).
		psmouse.rate=	[HW,MOUSE] Set desired mouse report rate, in reports
				per second.
		psmouse.resetafter=	[HW,MOUSE]
				Try to reset the device after so many bad packets
				(0 = never).
		psmouse.resolution=
				[HW,MOUSE] Set desired mouse resolution, in dpi.
		psmouse.smartscroll=
				[HW,MOUSE] Controls Logitech smartscroll autorepeat.
				0 = disabled, 1 = enabled (default).
	
		pstore.backend=	Specify the name of the pstore backend to use
	
		pt.		[PARIDE]
				See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
	
		pty.legacy_count=
				[KNL] Number of legacy pty's. Overwrites compiled-in
				default number.
	
		quiet		[KNL] Disable most log messages
	
		r128=		[HW,DRM]
	
		raid=		[HW,RAID]
				See Documentation/md.txt.
	
		ramdisk_blocksize=	[RAM]
				See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt.
	
		ramdisk_size=	[RAM] Sizes of RAM disks in kilobytes
				See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt.
	
		rcu_nocbs=	[KNL,BOOT]
				In kernels built with CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU=y, set
				the specified list of CPUs to be no-callback CPUs.
				Invocation of these CPUs' RCU callbacks will
				be offloaded to "rcuoN" kthreads created for
				that purpose.  This reduces OS jitter on the
				offloaded CPUs, which can be useful for HPC and
				real-time workloads.  It can also improve energy
				efficiency for asymmetric multiprocessors.
	
		rcu_nocb_poll	[KNL,BOOT]
				Rather than requiring that offloaded CPUs
				(specified by rcu_nocbs= above) explicitly
				awaken the corresponding "rcuoN" kthreads,
				make these kthreads poll for callbacks.
				This improves the real-time response for the
				offloaded CPUs by relieving them of the need to
				wake up the corresponding kthread, but degrades
				energy efficiency by requiring that the kthreads
				periodically wake up to do the polling.
	
		rcutree.blimit=	[KNL,BOOT]
				Set maximum number of finished RCU callbacks to process
				in one batch.
	
		rcutree.fanout_leaf=	[KNL,BOOT]
				Increase the number of CPUs assigned to each
				leaf rcu_node structure.  Useful for very large
				systems.
	
		rcutree.qhimark=	[KNL,BOOT]
				Set threshold of queued
				RCU callbacks over which batch limiting is disabled.
	
		rcutree.qlowmark=	[KNL,BOOT]
				Set threshold of queued RCU callbacks below which
				batch limiting is re-enabled.
	
		rcutree.rcu_cpu_stall_suppress=	[KNL,BOOT]
				Suppress RCU CPU stall warning messages.
	
		rcutree.rcu_cpu_stall_timeout= [KNL,BOOT]
				Set timeout for RCU CPU stall warning messages.
	
		rcutree.jiffies_till_first_fqs= [KNL,BOOT]
				Set delay from grace-period initialization to
				first attempt to force quiescent states.
				Units are jiffies, minimum value is zero,
				and maximum value is HZ.
	
		rcutree.jiffies_till_next_fqs= [KNL,BOOT]
				Set delay between subsequent attempts to force
				quiescent states.  Units are jiffies, minimum
				value is one, and maximum value is HZ.
	
		rcutorture.fqs_duration= [KNL,BOOT]
				Set duration of force_quiescent_state bursts.
	
		rcutorture.fqs_holdoff= [KNL,BOOT]
				Set holdoff time within force_quiescent_state bursts.
	
		rcutorture.fqs_stutter= [KNL,BOOT]
				Set wait time between force_quiescent_state bursts.
	
		rcutorture.irqreader= [KNL,BOOT]
				Test RCU readers from irq handlers.
	
		rcutorture.n_barrier_cbs= [KNL,BOOT]
				Set callbacks/threads for rcu_barrier() testing.
	
		rcutorture.nfakewriters= [KNL,BOOT]
				Set number of concurrent RCU writers.  These just
				stress RCU, they don't participate in the actual
				test, hence the "fake".
	
		rcutorture.nreaders= [KNL,BOOT]
				Set number of RCU readers.
	
		rcutorture.onoff_holdoff= [KNL,BOOT]
				Set time (s) after boot for CPU-hotplug testing.
	
		rcutorture.onoff_interval= [KNL,BOOT]
				Set time (s) between CPU-hotplug operations, or
				zero to disable CPU-hotplug testing.
	
		rcutorture.shuffle_interval= [KNL,BOOT]
				Set task-shuffle interval (s).  Shuffling tasks
				allows some CPUs to go into dyntick-idle mode
				during the rcutorture test.
	
		rcutorture.shutdown_secs= [KNL,BOOT]
				Set time (s) after boot system shutdown.  This
				is useful for hands-off automated testing.
	
		rcutorture.stall_cpu= [KNL,BOOT]
				Duration of CPU stall (s) to test RCU CPU stall
				warnings, zero to disable.
	
		rcutorture.stall_cpu_holdoff= [KNL,BOOT]
				Time to wait (s) after boot before inducing stall.
	
		rcutorture.stat_interval= [KNL,BOOT]
				Time (s) between statistics printk()s.
	
		rcutorture.stutter= [KNL,BOOT]
				Time (s) to stutter testing, for example, specifying
				five seconds causes the test to run for five seconds,
				wait for five seconds, and so on.  This tests RCU's
				ability to transition abruptly to and from idle.
	
		rcutorture.test_boost= [KNL,BOOT]
				Test RCU priority boosting?  0=no, 1=maybe, 2=yes.
				"Maybe" means test if the RCU implementation
				under test support RCU priority boosting.
	
		rcutorture.test_boost_duration= [KNL,BOOT]
				Duration (s) of each individual boost test.
	
		rcutorture.test_boost_interval= [KNL,BOOT]
				Interval (s) between each boost test.
	
		rcutorture.test_no_idle_hz= [KNL,BOOT]
				Test RCU's dyntick-idle handling.  See also the
				rcutorture.shuffle_interval parameter.
	
		rcutorture.torture_type= [KNL,BOOT]
				Specify the RCU implementation to test.
	
		rcutorture.verbose= [KNL,BOOT]
				Enable additional printk() statements.
	
		rdinit=		[KNL]
				Format: <full_path>
				Run specified binary instead of /init from the ramdisk,
				used for early userspace startup. See initrd.
	
		reboot=		[BUGS=X86-32,BUGS=ARM,BUGS=IA-64] Rebooting mode
				Format: <reboot_mode>[,<reboot_mode2>[,...]]
				See arch/*/kernel/reboot.c or arch/*/kernel/process.c
	
		relax_domain_level=
				[KNL, SMP] Set scheduler's default relax_domain_level.
				See Documentation/cgroups/cpusets.txt.
	
		reserve=	[KNL,BUGS] Force the kernel to ignore some iomem area
	
		reservetop=	[X86-32]
				Format: nn[KMG]
				Reserves a hole at the top of the kernel virtual
				address space.
	
		reservelow=	[X86]
				Format: nn[K]
				Set the amount of memory to reserve for BIOS at
				the bottom of the address space.
	
		reset_devices	[KNL] Force drivers to reset the underlying device
				during initialization.
	
		resume=		[SWSUSP]
				Specify the partition device for software suspend
				Format:
				{/dev/<dev> | PARTUUID=<uuid> | <int>:<int> | <hex>}
	
		resume_offset=	[SWSUSP]
				Specify the offset from the beginning of the partition
				given by "resume=" at which the swap header is located,
				in <PAGE_SIZE> units (needed only for swap files).
				See  Documentation/power/swsusp-and-swap-files.txt
	
		resumedelay=	[HIBERNATION] Delay (in seconds) to pause before attempting to
				read the resume files
	
		resumewait	[HIBERNATION] Wait (indefinitely) for resume device to show up.
				Useful for devices that are detected asynchronously
				(e.g. USB and MMC devices).
	
		hibernate=	[HIBERNATION]
			noresume	Don't check if there's a hibernation image
					present during boot.
			nocompress	Don't compress/decompress hibernation images.
	
		retain_initrd	[RAM] Keep initrd memory after extraction
	
		rhash_entries=	[KNL,NET]
				Set number of hash buckets for route cache
	
		riscom8=	[HW,SERIAL]
				Format: <io_board1>[,<io_board2>[,...<io_boardN>]]
	
		ro		[KNL] Mount root device read-only on boot
	
		root=		[KNL] Root filesystem
				See name_to_dev_t comment in init/do_mounts.c.
	
		rootdelay=	[KNL] Delay (in seconds) to pause before attempting to
				mount the root filesystem
	
		rootflags=	[KNL] Set root filesystem mount option string
	
		rootfstype=	[KNL] Set root filesystem type
	
		rootwait	[KNL] Wait (indefinitely) for root device to show up.
				Useful for devices that are detected asynchronously
				(e.g. USB and MMC devices).
	
		rw		[KNL] Mount root device read-write on boot
	
		S		[KNL] Run init in single mode
	
		sa1100ir	[NET]
				See drivers/net/irda/sa1100_ir.c.
	
		sbni=		[NET] Granch SBNI12 leased line adapter
	
		sched_debug	[KNL] Enables verbose scheduler debug messages.
	
		skew_tick=	[KNL] Offset the periodic timer tick per cpu to mitigate
				xtime_lock contention on larger systems, and/or RCU lock
				contention on all systems with CONFIG_MAXSMP set.
				Format: { "0" | "1" }
				0 -- disable. (may be 1 via CONFIG_CMDLINE="skew_tick=1"
				1 -- enable.
				Note: increases power consumption, thus should only be
				enabled if running jitter sensitive (HPC/RT) workloads.
	
		security=	[SECURITY] Choose a security module to enable at boot.
				If this boot parameter is not specified, only the first
				security module asking for security registration will be
				loaded. An invalid security module name will be treated
				as if no module has been chosen.
	
		selinux=	[SELINUX] Disable or enable SELinux at boot time.
				Format: { "0" | "1" }
				See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.
				0 -- disable.
				1 -- enable.
				Default value is set via kernel config option.
				If enabled at boot time, /selinux/disable can be used
				later to disable prior to initial policy load.
	
		apparmor=	[APPARMOR] Disable or enable AppArmor at boot time
				Format: { "0" | "1" }
				See security/apparmor/Kconfig help text
				0 -- disable.
				1 -- enable.
				Default value is set via kernel config option.
	
		serialnumber	[BUGS=X86-32]
	
		shapers=	[NET]
				Maximal number of shapers.
	
		show_msr=	[x86] show boot-time MSR settings
				Format: { <integer> }
				Show boot-time (BIOS-initialized) MSR settings.
				The parameter means the number of CPUs to show,
				for example 1 means boot CPU only.
	
		simeth=		[IA-64]
		simscsi=
	
		slram=		[HW,MTD]
	
		slab_max_order=	[MM, SLAB]
				Determines the maximum allowed order for slabs.
				A high setting may cause OOMs due to memory
				fragmentation.  Defaults to 1 for systems with
				more than 32MB of RAM, 0 otherwise.
	
		slub_debug[=options[,slabs]]	[MM, SLUB]
				Enabling slub_debug allows one to determine the
				culprit if slab objects become corrupted. Enabling
				slub_debug can create guard zones around objects and
				may poison objects when not in use. Also tracks the
				last alloc / free. For more information see
				Documentation/vm/slub.txt.
	
		slub_max_order= [MM, SLUB]
				Determines the maximum allowed order for slabs.
				A high setting may cause OOMs due to memory
				fragmentation. For more information see
				Documentation/vm/slub.txt.
	
		slub_min_objects=	[MM, SLUB]
				The minimum number of objects per slab. SLUB will
				increase the slab order up to slub_max_order to
				generate a sufficiently large slab able to contain
				the number of objects indicated. The higher the number
				of objects the smaller the overhead of tracking slabs
				and the less frequently locks need to be acquired.
				For more information see Documentation/vm/slub.txt.
	
		slub_min_order=	[MM, SLUB]
				Determines the minimum page order for slabs. Must be
				lower than slub_max_order.
				For more information see Documentation/vm/slub.txt.
	
		slub_nomerge	[MM, SLUB]
				Disable merging of slabs with similar size. May be
				necessary if there is some reason to distinguish
				allocs to different slabs. Debug options disable
				merging on their own.
				For more information see Documentation/vm/slub.txt.
	
		smart2=		[HW]
				Format: <io1>[,<io2>[,...,<io8>]]
	
		smsc-ircc2.nopnp	[HW] Don't use PNP to discover SMC devices
		smsc-ircc2.ircc_cfg=	[HW] Device configuration I/O port
		smsc-ircc2.ircc_sir=	[HW] SIR base I/O port
		smsc-ircc2.ircc_fir=	[HW] FIR base I/O port
		smsc-ircc2.ircc_irq=	[HW] IRQ line
		smsc-ircc2.ircc_dma=	[HW] DMA channel
		smsc-ircc2.ircc_transceiver= [HW] Transceiver type:
					0: Toshiba Satellite 1800 (GP data pin select)
					1: Fast pin select (default)
					2: ATC IRMode
	
		softlockup_panic=
				[KNL] Should the soft-lockup detector generate panics.
				Format: <integer>
	
		sonypi.*=	[HW] Sony Programmable I/O Control Device driver
				See Documentation/laptops/sonypi.txt
	
		specialix=	[HW,SERIAL] Specialix multi-serial port adapter
				See Documentation/serial/specialix.txt.
	
		spia_io_base=	[HW,MTD]
		spia_fio_base=
		spia_pedr=
		spia_peddr=
	
		stacktrace	[FTRACE]
				Enabled the stack tracer on boot up.
	
		stacktrace_filter=[function-list]
				[FTRACE] Limit the functions that the stack tracer
				will trace at boot up. function-list is a comma separated
				list of functions. This list can be changed at run
				time by the stack_trace_filter file in the debugfs
				tracing directory. Note, this enables stack tracing
				and the stacktrace above is not needed.
	
		sti=		[PARISC,HW]
				Format: <num>
				Set the STI (builtin display/keyboard on the HP-PARISC
				machines) console (graphic card) which should be used
				as the initial boot-console.
				See also comment in drivers/video/console/sticore.c.
	
		sti_font=	[HW]
				See comment in drivers/video/console/sticore.c.
	
		stifb=		[HW]
				Format: bpp:<bpp1>[:<bpp2>[:<bpp3>...]]
	
		sunrpc.min_resvport=
		sunrpc.max_resvport=
				[NFS,SUNRPC]
				SunRPC servers often require that client requests
				originate from a privileged port (i.e. a port in the
				range 0 < portnr < 1024).
				An administrator who wishes to reserve some of these
				ports for other uses may adjust the range that the
				kernel's sunrpc client considers to be privileged
				using these two parameters to set the minimum and
				maximum port values.
	
		sunrpc.pool_mode=
				[NFS]
				Control how the NFS server code allocates CPUs to
				service thread pools.  Depending on how many NICs
				you have and where their interrupts are bound, this
				option will affect which CPUs will do NFS serving.
				Note: this parameter cannot be changed while the
				NFS server is running.
	
				auto	    the server chooses an appropriate mode
					    automatically using heuristics
				global	    a single global pool contains all CPUs
				percpu	    one pool for each CPU
				pernode	    one pool for each NUMA node (equivalent
					    to global on non-NUMA machines)
	
		sunrpc.tcp_slot_table_entries=
		sunrpc.udp_slot_table_entries=
				[NFS,SUNRPC]
				Sets the upper limit on the number of simultaneous
				RPC calls that can be sent from the client to a
				server. Increasing these values may allow you to
				improve throughput, but will also increase the
				amount of memory reserved for use by the client.
	
		swapaccount[=0|1]
				[KNL] Enable accounting of swap in memory resource
				controller if no parameter or 1 is given or disable
				it if 0 is given (See Documentation/cgroups/memory.txt)
	
		swiotlb=	[IA-64] Number of I/O TLB slabs
	
		switches=	[HW,M68k]
	
		sysfs.deprecated=0|1 [KNL]
				Enable/disable old style sysfs layout for old udev
				on older distributions. When this option is enabled
				very new udev will not work anymore. When this option
				is disabled (or CONFIG_SYSFS_DEPRECATED not compiled)
				in older udev will not work anymore.
				Default depends on CONFIG_SYSFS_DEPRECATED_V2 set in
				the kernel configuration.
	
		sysrq_always_enabled
				[KNL]
				Ignore sysrq setting - this boot parameter will
				neutralize any effect of /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq.
				Useful for debugging.
	
		tdfx=		[HW,DRM]
	
		test_suspend=	[SUSPEND]
				Specify "mem" (for Suspend-to-RAM) or "standby" (for
				standby suspend) as the system sleep state to briefly
				enter during system startup.  The system is woken from
				this state using a wakeup-capable RTC alarm.
	
		thash_entries=	[KNL,NET]
				Set number of hash buckets for TCP connection
	
		thermal.act=	[HW,ACPI]
				-1: disable all active trip points in all thermal zones
				<degrees C>: override all lowest active trip points
	
		thermal.crt=	[HW,ACPI]
				-1: disable all critical trip points in all thermal zones
				<degrees C>: override all critical trip points
	
		thermal.nocrt=	[HW,ACPI]
				Set to disable actions on ACPI thermal zone
				critical and hot trip points.
	
		thermal.off=	[HW,ACPI]
				1: disable ACPI thermal control
	
		thermal.psv=	[HW,ACPI]
				-1: disable all passive trip points
				<degrees C>: override all passive trip points to this
				value
	
		thermal.tzp=	[HW,ACPI]
				Specify global default ACPI thermal zone polling rate
				<deci-seconds>: poll all this frequency
				0: no polling (default)
	
		threadirqs	[KNL]
				Force threading of all interrupt handlers except those
				marked explicitly IRQF_NO_THREAD.
	
		topology=	[S390]
				Format: {off | on}
				Specify if the kernel should make use of the cpu
				topology information if the hardware supports this.
				The scheduler will make use of this information and
				e.g. base its process migration decisions on it.
				Default is on.
	
		tp720=		[HW,PS2]
	
		tpm_suspend_pcr=[HW,TPM]
				Format: integer pcr id
				Specify that at suspend time, the tpm driver
				should extend the specified pcr with zeros,
				as a workaround for some chips which fail to
				flush the last written pcr on TPM_SaveState.
				This will guarantee that all the other pcrs
				are saved.
	
		trace_buf_size=nn[KMG]
				[FTRACE] will set tracing buffer size.
	
		trace_event=[event-list]
				[FTRACE] Set and start specified trace events in order
				to facilitate early boot debugging.
				See also Documentation/trace/events.txt
	
		trace_options=[option-list]
				[FTRACE] Enable or disable tracer options at boot.
				The option-list is a comma delimited list of options
				that can be enabled or disabled just as if you were
				to echo the option name into
	
				    /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace_options
	
				For example, to enable stacktrace option (to dump the
				stack trace of each event), add to the command line:
	
				      trace_options=stacktrace
	
				See also Documentation/trace/ftrace.txt "trace options"
				section.
	
		transparent_hugepage=
				[KNL]
				Format: [always|madvise|never]
				Can be used to control the default behavior of the system
				with respect to transparent hugepages.
				See Documentation/vm/transhuge.txt for more details.
	
		tsc=		Disable clocksource stability checks for TSC.
				Format: <string>
				[x86] reliable: mark tsc clocksource as reliable, this
				disables clocksource verification at runtime, as well
				as the stability checks done at bootup.	Used to enable
				high-resolution timer mode on older hardware, and in
				virtualized environment.
				[x86] noirqtime: Do not use TSC to do irq accounting.
				Used to run time disable IRQ_TIME_ACCOUNTING on any
				platforms where RDTSC is slow and this accounting
				can add overhead.
	
		turbografx.map[2|3]=	[HW,JOY]
				TurboGraFX parallel port interface
				Format:
				<port#>,<js1>,<js2>,<js3>,<js4>,<js5>,<js6>,<js7>
				See also Documentation/input/joystick-parport.txt
	
		udbg-immortal	[PPC] When debugging early kernel crashes that
				happen after console_init() and before a proper 
				console driver takes over, this boot options might
				help "seeing" what's going on.
	
		uhash_entries=	[KNL,NET]
				Set number of hash buckets for UDP/UDP-Lite connections
	
		uhci-hcd.ignore_oc=
				[USB] Ignore overcurrent events (default N).
				Some badly-designed motherboards generate lots of
				bogus events, for ports that aren't wired to
				anything.  Set this parameter to avoid log spamming.
				Note that genuine overcurrent events won't be
				reported either.
	
		unknown_nmi_panic
				[X86] Cause panic on unknown NMI.
	
		usbcore.authorized_default=
				[USB] Default USB device authorization:
				(default -1 = authorized except for wireless USB,
				0 = not authorized, 1 = authorized)
	
		usbcore.autosuspend=
				[USB] The autosuspend time delay (in seconds) used
				for newly-detected USB devices (default 2).  This
				is the time required before an idle device will be
				autosuspended.  Devices for which the delay is set
				to a negative value won't be autosuspended at all.
	
		usbcore.usbfs_snoop=
				[USB] Set to log all usbfs traffic (default 0 = off).
	
		usbcore.blinkenlights=
				[USB] Set to cycle leds on hubs (default 0 = off).
	
		usbcore.old_scheme_first=
				[USB] Start with the old device initialization
				scheme (default 0 = off).
	
		usbcore.usbfs_memory_mb=
				[USB] Memory limit (in MB) for buffers allocated by
				usbfs (default = 16, 0 = max = 2047).
	
		usbcore.use_both_schemes=
				[USB] Try the other device initialization scheme
				if the first one fails (default 1 = enabled).
	
		usbcore.initial_descriptor_timeout=
				[USB] Specifies timeout for the initial 64-byte
	                        USB_REQ_GET_DESCRIPTOR request in milliseconds
				(default 5000 = 5.0 seconds).
	
		usbhid.mousepoll=
				[USBHID] The interval which mice are to be polled at.
	
		usb-storage.delay_use=
				[UMS] The delay in seconds before a new device is
				scanned for Logical Units (default 5).
	
		usb-storage.quirks=
				[UMS] A list of quirks entries to supplement or
				override the built-in unusual_devs list.  List
				entries are separated by commas.  Each entry has
				the form VID:PID:Flags where VID and PID are Vendor
				and Product ID values (4-digit hex numbers) and
				Flags is a set of characters, each corresponding
				to a common usb-storage quirk flag as follows:
					a = SANE_SENSE (collect more than 18 bytes
						of sense data);
					b = BAD_SENSE (don't collect more than 18
						bytes of sense data);
					c = FIX_CAPACITY (decrease the reported
						device capacity by one sector);
					d = NO_READ_DISC_INFO (don't use
						READ_DISC_INFO command);
					e = NO_READ_CAPACITY_16 (don't use
						READ_CAPACITY_16 command);
					h = CAPACITY_HEURISTICS (decrease the
						reported device capacity by one
						sector if the number is odd);
					i = IGNORE_DEVICE (don't bind to this
						device);
					l = NOT_LOCKABLE (don't try to lock and
						unlock ejectable media);
					m = MAX_SECTORS_64 (don't transfer more
						than 64 sectors = 32 KB at a time);
					n = INITIAL_READ10 (force a retry of the
						initial READ(10) command);
					o = CAPACITY_OK (accept the capacity
						reported by the device);
					p = WRITE_CACHE (the device cache is ON
						by default);
					r = IGNORE_RESIDUE (the device reports
						bogus residue values);
					s = SINGLE_LUN (the device has only one
						Logical Unit);
					w = NO_WP_DETECT (don't test whether the
						medium is write-protected).
				Example: quirks=0419:aaf5:rl,0421:0433:rc
	
		user_debug=	[KNL,ARM]
				Format: <int>
				See arch/arm/Kconfig.debug help text.
					 1 - undefined instruction events
					 2 - system calls
					 4 - invalid data aborts
					 8 - SIGSEGV faults
					16 - SIGBUS faults
				Example: user_debug=31
	
		userpte=
				[X86] Flags controlling user PTE allocations.
	
					nohigh = do not allocate PTE pages in
						HIGHMEM regardless of setting
						of CONFIG_HIGHPTE.
	
		vdso=		[X86,SH]
				vdso=2: enable compat VDSO (default with COMPAT_VDSO)
				vdso=1: enable VDSO (default)
				vdso=0: disable VDSO mapping
	
		vdso32=		[X86]
				vdso32=2: enable compat VDSO (default with COMPAT_VDSO)
				vdso32=1: enable 32-bit VDSO (default)
				vdso32=0: disable 32-bit VDSO mapping
	
		vector=		[IA-64,SMP]
				vector=percpu: enable percpu vector domain
	
		video=		[FB] Frame buffer configuration
				See Documentation/fb/modedb.txt.
	
		virtio_mmio.device=
				[VMMIO] Memory mapped virtio (platform) device.
	
					<size>@<baseaddr>:<irq>[:<id>]
				where:
					<size>     := size (can use standard suffixes
							like K, M and G)
					<baseaddr> := physical base address
					<irq>      := interrupt number (as passed to
							request_irq())
					<id>       := (optional) platform device id
				example:
					virtio_mmio.device=1K@0x100b0000:48:7
	
				Can be used multiple times for multiple devices.
	
		vga=		[BOOT,X86-32] Select a particular video mode
				See Documentation/x86/boot.txt and
				Documentation/svga.txt.
				Use vga=ask for menu.
				This is actually a boot loader parameter; the value is
				passed to the kernel using a special protocol.
	
		vmalloc=nn[KMG]	[KNL,BOOT] Forces the vmalloc area to have an exact
				size of <nn>. This can be used to increase the
				minimum size (128MB on x86). It can also be used to
				decrease the size and leave more room for directly
				mapped kernel RAM.
	
		vmhalt=		[KNL,S390] Perform z/VM CP command after system halt.
				Format: <command>
	
		vmpanic=	[KNL,S390] Perform z/VM CP command after kernel panic.
				Format: <command>
	
		vmpoff=		[KNL,S390] Perform z/VM CP command after power off.
				Format: <command>
	
		vsyscall=	[X86-64]
				Controls the behavior of vsyscalls (i.e. calls to
				fixed addresses of 0xffffffffff600x00 from legacy
				code).  Most statically-linked binaries and older
				versions of glibc use these calls.  Because these
				functions are at fixed addresses, they make nice
				targets for exploits that can control RIP.
	
				emulate     [default] Vsyscalls turn into traps and are
				            emulated reasonably safely.
	
				native      Vsyscalls are native syscall instructions.
				            This is a little bit faster than trapping
				            and makes a few dynamic recompilers work
				            better than they would in emulation mode.
				            It also makes exploits much easier to write.
	
				none        Vsyscalls don't work at all.  This makes
				            them quite hard to use for exploits but
				            might break your system.
	
		vt.cur_default=	[VT] Default cursor shape.
				Format: 0xCCBBAA, where AA, BB, and CC are the same as
				the parameters of the <Esc>[?A;B;Cc escape sequence;
				see VGA-softcursor.txt. Default: 2 = underline.
	
		vt.default_blu=	[VT]
				Format: <blue0>,<blue1>,<blue2>,...,<blue15>
				Change the default blue palette of the console.
				This is a 16-member array composed of values
				ranging from 0-255.
	
		vt.default_grn=	[VT]
				Format: <green0>,<green1>,<green2>,...,<green15>
				Change the default green palette of the console.
				This is a 16-member array composed of values
				ranging from 0-255.
	
		vt.default_red=	[VT]
				Format: <red0>,<red1>,<red2>,...,<red15>
				Change the default red palette of the console.
				This is a 16-member array composed of values
				ranging from 0-255.
	
		vt.default_utf8=
				[VT]
				Format=<0|1>
				Set system-wide default UTF-8 mode for all tty's.
				Default is 1, i.e. UTF-8 mode is enabled for all
				newly opened terminals.
	
		vt.global_cursor_default=
				[VT]
				Format=<-1|0|1>
				Set system-wide default for whether a cursor
				is shown on new VTs. Default is -1,
				i.e. cursors will be created by default unless
				overridden by individual drivers. 0 will hide
				cursors, 1 will display them.
	
		watchdog timers	[HW,WDT] For information on watchdog timers,
				see Documentation/watchdog/watchdog-parameters.txt
				or other driver-specific files in the
				Documentation/watchdog/ directory.
	
		x2apic_phys	[X86-64,APIC] Use x2apic physical mode instead of
				default x2apic cluster mode on platforms
				supporting x2apic.
	
		x86_mrst_timer= [X86-32,APBT]
				Choose timer option for x86 Moorestown MID platform.
				Two valid options are apbt timer only and lapic timer
				plus one apbt timer for broadcast timer.
				x86_mrst_timer=apbt_only | lapic_and_apbt
	
		xd=		[HW,XT] Original XT pre-IDE (RLL encoded) disks.
		xd_geo=		See header of drivers/block/xd.c.
	
		xen_emul_unplug=		[HW,X86,XEN]
				Unplug Xen emulated devices
				Format: [unplug0,][unplug1]
				ide-disks -- unplug primary master IDE devices
				aux-ide-disks -- unplug non-primary-master IDE devices
				nics -- unplug network devices
				all -- unplug all emulated devices (NICs and IDE disks)
				unnecessary -- unplugging emulated devices is
					unnecessary even if the host did not respond to
					the unplug protocol
				never -- do not unplug even if version check succeeds
	
		xirc2ps_cs=	[NET,PCMCIA]
				Format:
				<irq>,<irq_mask>,<io>,<full_duplex>,<do_sound>,<lockup_hack>[,<irq2>[,<irq3>[,<irq4>]]]
	
	______________________________________________________________________
	
	TODO:
	
		Add more DRM drivers.

• [ Documentation ]
• 00-INDEX
• [ ABI ]
• [ accounting ]
• [ acpi ]
• [ aoe ]
• applying-patches.txt
• [ arm ]
• [ arm64 ]
• atomic_ops.txt
• [ auxdisplay ]
• [ backlight ]
• bad_memory.txt
• basic_profiling.txt
• binfmt_misc.txt
• [ blackfin ]
• [ block ]
• [ blockdev ]
• braille-console.txt
• bt8xxgpio.txt
• btmrvl.txt
• BUG-HUNTING
• [ bus-devices ]
• bus-virt-phys-mapping.txt
• cachetlb.txt
• [ cdrom ]
• [ cgroups ]
• Changes
• circular-buffers.txt
• clk.txt
• coccinelle.txt
• CodingStyle
• [ connector ]
• [ console ]
• [ cpu-freq ]
• cpu-hotplug.txt
• cpu-load.txt
• [ cpuidle ]
• cputopology.txt
• crc32.txt
• [ cris ]
• [ crypto ]
• dcdbas.txt
• debugging-modules.txt
• debugging-via-ohci1394.txt
• dell_rbu.txt
• [ development-process ]
• [ device-mapper ]
• devices.txt
• [ devicetree ]
• digsig.txt
• DMA-API-HOWTO.txt
• DMA-API.txt
• DMA-attributes.txt
• dma-buf-sharing.txt
• DMA-ISA-LPC.txt
• dmaengine.txt
• [ DocBook ]
• dontdiff
• [ driver-model ]
• [ dvb ]
• dynamic-debug-howto.txt
• [ early-userspace ]
• edac.txt
• [ EDID ]
• eisa.txt
• email-clients.txt
• [ extcon ]
• [ fault-injection ]
• [ fb ]
• [ filesystems ]
• [ firmware_class ]
• flexible-arrays.txt
• [ frv ]
• futex-requeue-pi.txt
• gcov.txt
• gpio.txt
• [ hid ]
• highuid.txt
• HOWTO
• hw_random.txt
• [ hwmon ]
• hwspinlock.txt
• [ i2c ]
• [ i2o ]
• [ ia64 ]
• [ ide ]
• [ infiniband ]
• init.txt
• initrd.txt
• [ input ]
• Intel-IOMMU.txt
• intel_txt.txt
• io-mapping.txt
• io_ordering.txt
• [ ioctl ]
• iostats.txt
• IPMI.txt
• IRQ-affinity.txt
• IRQ-domain.txt
• IRQ.txt
• irqflags-tracing.txt
• isapnp.txt
• [ isdn ]
• [ ja_JP ]
• java.txt
• [ kbuild ]
• [ kdump ]
• kernel-doc-nano-HOWTO.txt
• kernel-docs.txt
• kernel-parameters.txt
• kmemcheck.txt
• kmemleak.txt
• [ ko_KR ]
• kobject.txt
• kprobes.txt
• kref.txt
• [ laptops ]
• ldm.txt
• [ leds ]
• local_ops.txt
• lockdep-design.txt
• lockstat.txt
• lockup-watchdogs.txt
• logo.gif
• logo.txt
• [ m68k ]
• magic-number.txt
• [ make ]
• Makefile
• ManagementStyle
• md.txt
• media-framework.txt
• memory-barriers.txt
• [ memory-devices ]
• memory-hotplug.txt
• [ metag ]
• [ mips ]
• [ misc-devices ]
• [ mmc ]
• [ mn10300 ]
• mono.txt
• [ mtd ]
• mutex-design.txt
• [ namespaces ]
• [ netlabel ]
• [ networking ]
• [ nfc ]
• nommu-mmap.txt
• numastat.txt
• oops-tracing.txt
• padata.txt
• [ parisc ]
• parport-lowlevel.txt
• parport.txt
• [ PCI ]
• [ pcmcia ]
• percpu-rw-semaphore.txt
• pi-futex.txt
• pinctrl.txt
• pnp.txt
• [ power ]
• [ powerpc ]
• [ pps ]
• [ prctl ]
• preempt-locking.txt
• printk-formats.txt
• [ pti ]
• [ ptp ]
• pwm.txt
• ramoops.txt
• [ rapidio ]
• rbtree.txt
• [ RCU ]
• remoteproc.txt
• rfkill.txt
• robust-futex-ABI.txt
• robust-futexes.txt
• rpmsg.txt
• rt-mutex-design.txt
• rt-mutex.txt
• rtc.txt
• [ s390 ]
• SAK.txt
• [ scheduler ]
• [ scsi ]
• [ security ]
• SecurityBugs
• [ serial ]
• serial-console.txt
• sgi-ioc4.txt
• sgi-visws.txt
• [ sh ]
• SM501.txt
• smsc_ece1099.txt
• [ sound ]
• sparse.txt
• [ spi ]
• spinlocks.txt
• stable_api_nonsense.txt
• stable_kernel_rules.txt
• static-keys.txt
• SubmitChecklist
• SubmittingDrivers
• SubmittingPatches
• svga.txt
• [ sysctl ]
• sysfs-rules.txt
• sysrq.txt
• [ target ]
• [ thermal ]
• [ timers ]
• [ trace ]
• unaligned-memory-access.txt
• unicode.txt
• unshare.txt
• [ usb ]
• [ vDSO ]
• vfio.txt
• VGA-softcursor.txt
• vgaarbiter.txt
• video-output.txt
• [ video4linux ]
• [ virtual ]
• [ vm ]
• vme_api.txt
• volatile-considered-harmful.txt
• [ w1 ]
• [ watchdog ]
• [ wimax ]
• workqueue.txt
• [ x86 ]
• [ xtensa ]
• xz.txt
• [ zh_CN ]
• zorro.txt
•